miscellaneous |
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| about | about the author and his goals |
| news | petrochemical & project news |
| jobs | find a piping related job |
| piping abbreviations | most common piping abbreviations |
| fun | fun |
| question and answer | your question(s) or comment(s) by email...i give you reply to this forum |
| conversion | metric imperial conversion, triangle calculate |
| links | links to other piping related websites |
| copyright | © copyright and disclaimer |
| contact | if you click the link on the left, your email program will be start up |
documents |
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| reference points | what are reference points, horizontal reference, vertical reference |
| plot plan | overall plot plan, detailed plot plan |
| piping arrangement | views in piping drawings, priorities on a piping arrangement, types of piping arrangement drawings, example of a piping arrangement, symbols on a piping arragement drawing |
| p&id | the piping and instrument diagram (p&id) provides a schematic representation of the piping, process control, and instrumentation which shows the functional relationships among the system components |
| piping isometrics | information about piping isometrics (iso's) and orthographic views |
| engineering standards | |
| foreword | a technical standard is an established norm or requirement. it is usually a formal document that establishes uniform engineering or technical criteria, methods, processes and practices. |
| page 1 of 15 | piping material specifications - table of contents |
| page 2 of 15 | scope, codes, standards and references |
| page 3 of 15 | general and specific requirements |
| page 4 of 15 | abbreviations for piping specifications |
| page 5 of 15 | valve tag numbering |
| page 6 of 15 | standard installation detail - utility station |
| page 7 of 15 | special fabricated larger diameter reducers |
| page 8 of 15 | four weld 90° long radius miter elbow |
| page 9 of 15 | two weld 45° long radius miter elbow |
| page 10 of 15 | perforated temporary conical strainers |
| page 11 of 15 | t-type strainers |
| page 12 of 15 | drip rings |
| page 13 of 15 | product sampler cooler |
| page 14 of 15 | tolerances for pipe fabrication |
| page 15 of 15 | line blinds nps 1/2 - nps 60 |
| pipe specifications piping line classes |
the purpose of a pipe specification is to provide standards for pipe, fittings, flanges, valves, etc. suitable in conveying gas, water, oil and other liquids and products |
| drawing symbols | |
| symbols for p&id's | list of mechanical symbols for piping & instrumentation diagrams - to understand a p&id, knowledge of these symbols is required |
| symbols for isometric drawings | list of symbols for isometric drawings - to understand a iso, knowledge of these symbols is required |
| p&id heat exchanger symbols | list of p&id heat exchanger symbols - to understand a p&id, knowledge of these symbols is required |
| symbols piping arrangement | on that page you will find the most used butt welded, socket welded and threaded symbols for a single line piping arrangement drawing. to understand a piping drawing or piping arrangement, knowledge of these symbols is required. |
materials |
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| corrosion general | the effects and economic impact of corrosion |
| corrosion under insulation (cui) | corrosion under insulation is difficult to find because of the insulation cover that masks the corrosion problem until it is too late |
| corrosion allowance | what is meant by corrosion allowance, calculation of corrosion allowance |
| material specification | |
| astm-din | material specifications astm - werkstoffnummer - din - stahlschlüssel |
societies |
|
| what is asme | asme´s vision, mission statement and core values, about codes and standards |
| asme b31.3 process piping | rules for piping typically found in petroleum refineries, chemical, pharmaceutical, textile, paper, semiconductor and cryogenic plants and related processing plants and terminals |
| asme standards... | defined on this website: b16.10, b16.11, b16.20, b16.21, b16.25, b16.28, b16.34, b16.36, b16.47, b16.48, b16.5, b16.9, b1.20.1, b1.20.2m, b36.10m, b36.19m |
| what is astm international | standards, development of standards, services of astm international, use of standards, annual book of astm |
| astm standards for... | steel pipes, standards for boiler, superheater, and miscellaneous tubes, standards for heat-exchanger and condenser tubes, standards for mechanical tubing, standards for structural tubing, standards for welding fittings |
| astm standards for... | steel castings and forgings |
| astm standards for... | steel plate, sheet, strip and wire |
| astm standards... | defined on this website: a105/a105m, a106/a106m, a182/a182m, a216/a216m, a217/a217m, a234/a234m, a312/a312m, a333/a333m, a335/a335m, a350/a350m, a351/a351m, a352/a352m, a403/a403m, a420/a420m, a530/a530m |
| astm a... or asme sa... | the american society of mechanical engineers (asme) and the american society for testing and materials (astm) have cooperated for more than fifty years in the preparation of material specifications... |
| what is mss | primary function of mss, general, mss technical committees |
| mss standards | standards for valves, valves operation and modifications, standards for flanges and fittings, standards for pipe hangers and actuators, standards for marking and terminology, standards for quality, standards for packings and gaskets |
| who is api | the american petroleum institute (api) is the only national trade association that represents all aspects of america's oil and natural gas industry |
pipes |
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| definition and details of pipes | pipe or tube, materials for pipe, nominal pipe size (nps), iron pipe size (ips), examples of actual outside diameters, given in inches and in millimeters, schedule, seamless pipe, welded pipe, spiral welded pipe, electric resistance welded (erw) pipe, high frequency induction (hfi) welded pipe, seamless pipe plug mill process, seamless pipe mandrell mill process, seamless pipe extrusion process, single random length, double random length, plain ends (pe), threaded ends (te), beveled ends (be), materials acc. to astm, astm grades, example of chemical requirements, example of astm grades |
| dimensions nps 1/2 up to nps 4 | dimensions acc. to asme b36.10m and asme b36.19m, dimensional tolerances acc. to astm a530 |
| dimensions nps 5 up to nps 14 | dimensions acc. to asme b36.10m and asme b36.19m, dimensional tolerances acc. to astm a530 |
| dimensions nps 16 up to nps 24 | dimensions acc. to asme b36.10m and asme b36.19m, dimensional tolerances acc. to astm a530 |
| dimensions nps 26 up to nps 48 | dimensions acc. to asme b36.10m and asme b36.19m |
| dimensions nps 1/8 up to nps 1 1/2 | dimensions acc. to astm a53/a53m |
| dimensions nps 2 up to nps 3 1/2 | dimensions acc. to astm a53/a53m |
| dimensions nps 4 up to nps 6 | dimensions acc. to astm a53/a53m |
| dimensions nps 8 up to nps 12 | dimensions acc. to astm a53/a53m |
| dimensions nps 14 up to nps 18 | dimensions acc. to astm a53/a53m |
| dimensions nps 20 up to nps 26 | dimensions acc. to astm a53/a53m |
flanges |
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| definition & details of flanges | types of flanges, materials for flanges, example dimensions, pressure classes, table with maximum allowable non-shock pressure (psig), temperature ratings, types of flanges, welding neck flange, slip on flange, socket weld flange, lap joint flange, threaded flange, blind flange, stub ends, bolt hole orientation, straddle, plant north, flange faces, raised face (rf), flat face (ff), ring type joint (rtj), tongue and groove (t&g), male-and-female (m&f), raised face height, flange face finish, stock finish, spiral serrated, concentric serrated, smooth finish, bolts and gaskets, torque tightening, torque wrench, hydraulic wrenches, bolt tensioning, bolting-up procedure, preparation flange bolt-up, materials acc. to astm, astm grades, example of chemical requirements, example of astm grades |
| welding neck flange | dimensions and tolerances of welding neck flanges |
| slip on flange | dimensions and tolerances of slip on flanges |
| socket weld flange | dimensions and tolerances of socket weld flanges |
| lap joint flanges | dimensions and tolerances of lap joint flanges |
| threaded flange | dimensions and tolerances of threaded flanges |
| blind flange | dimensions and tolerances of blind flanges |
| welding neck & blind flanges | dimensions nps 26 up to nps 60, pressure class 150 up to 900 lbs, asme b16.47 series a |
| welding neck & blind flanges | dimensions nps 26 up to nps 60, pressure class 150 up to 900 lbs, asme b16.47 series b |
| special flanges | orifice flange, example of set of orifice flanges, tappings, orifice plate, spectacle blind, spades and ring spacers, sealing surfaces of a spectacle blind, long welding neck flange, weldoflange / nipoflange, expander flange, reducing flange |
| spectacle blinds | dimensions nps 1/2 up to nps 24, pressure class 150 up to 2500 lbs acc. to asme b16.5 |
| spades and ring spacers | dimensions nps 1/2 up to nps 24, pressure class 150 up to 2500 lbs acc. to asme b16.5 |
| stub ends carbon steel | dimensions nps 1/2 up to nps 24, schedule std and xs acc. to asme b16.9, dimensional tolerances acc. to asme b16.9 |
| stub ends stainless steel | dimensions nps 1/2 up to nps 24, schedule 10s and 40s mss sp-43 type a, dimensional tolerances acc. to mss sp-43 |
| weld neck orifice flanges raised face type |
dimensions - pressure class 300 lbs - nps 1 up to nps 24 - according to asme b16.36 |
| weld neck orifice flanges raised face type |
dimensions - pressure class 600 lbs - nps 1 up to nps 24 - according to asme b16.36 |
| weld neck orifice flanges raised face type |
dimensions - pressure class 900 lbs - nps 1 up to nps 24 - according to asme b16.36 |
| weld neck orifice flanges raised face type |
dimensions - pressure class 1500 lbs - nps 1 up to nps 24 - according to asme b16.36 |
| weld neck orifice flanges raised face type |
dimensions - pressure class 2500 lbs - nps 1 up to nps 12 - according to asme b16.36 |
| weld neck orifice flanges ring type joint |
dimensions - pressure class 600 lbs - nps 1 up to nps 24 - according to asme b16.36 |
| weld neck orifice flanges ring type joint |
dimensions - pressure class 900 lbs - nps 1 up to nps 24 - according to asme b16.36 |
| weld neck orifice flanges ring type joint |
dimensions - pressure class 1500 lbs - nps 1 up to nps 24 - according to asme b16.36 |
| weld neck orifice flanges ring type joint |
dimensions - pressure class 2500 lbs - nps 1 up to nps 12 - according to asme b16.36 |
fittings |
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| buttweld fittings | buttweld fittings general, application of buttweld fittings, bevelled ends, material and performance, elbows definition, 45°-180° elbows, long and short radius elbows, reducing elbows, wall thickness of elbows, tees definition, straight and reducing tees, wall thickness and crotch, reducers definition, concentric and eccentric reducer, length of reducers, bottom flat (bf), top flat (tf), end caps definition, ellipsoidal heads, dished heads, torispherical heads, klöpperboden, korbbogenboden, stubends, materials according to astm, astm grades, example of chemical requirements, example of astm grades |
| elbows 45°/90° lr | dimensions nps 1/2 up to nps 24, dimensional tolerances |
| elbows 90° sr | dimensions nps 1/2 up to nps 24, dimensional tolerances |
| elbows 180° lr/sr | dimensions nps 1/2 up to nps 24, dimensional tolerances |
| end caps | dimensions nps 1/2 up to nps 24, dimensional tolerances |
| reducers concentric & eccentric | dimensions nps 1/2 up to nps 24, dimensional tolerances |
| tees straight | dimensions nps 1/2 up to nps 24, dimensional tolerances |
| tees reducing | dimensions nps 1/2 up to nps 24, dimensional tolerances |
| stub ends carbon steel | dimensions nps 1/2 up to nps 24, schedule std and xs acc. to asme b16.9, dimensional tolerances according to asme b16.9 |
| stub ends stainless steel | dimensions nps 1/2 up to nps 24, schedule 10s and 40s mss sp-43 type a, dimensional tolerances according to mss sp-43 |
| threaded fittings | |
| threaded fittings general | definition and details of threaded fittings acc. to asme b16.11, some details of threaded fittings, types of threaded fittings by class size and wall thickness, advantages and disadvantages of threaded fittings, fittings for threaded systems with images |
| elbows 90° / 45° | dimensions nps 1/2 up to nps 4, pressure class 2000, 3000 and 6000 lbs acc. to asme b16.11 |
| tees and crosses | dimensions nps 1/2 up to nps 4, pressure class 2000, 3000 and 6000 lbs acc. to asme b16.11 |
| street elbows | dimensions nps 1/2 up to nps 2, pressure class 3000 and 6000 lbs acc. to asme b16.11 |
| couplings | full and half coupling dimensions nps 1/2 to nps 4 acc. to asme b16.11 |
| bushings | threaded bushings dimensions nps 1/2 to nps 4 acc. to asme b16.11 |
| caps | threaded caps dimensions nps 1/2 to nps 4 acc. to asme b16.11 |
| plug | threaded plug dimensions nps 1/2 to nps 4 acc. to asme b16.11 |
| socket weld fittings | |
| socket weld fittings general | definition and details of socket weld fittings acc. to asme b16.11, some details of socket weld fittings, types of socket weld fittings by class size and wall thickness, advantages and disadvantages of socket weld fittings, fittings for socket weld systems with images |
| elbows 90° / 45° | dimensions nps 1/2 up to nps 4, pressure class 3000 and 6000 lbs acc. to asme b16.11 |
| tees and crosses | dimensions nps 1/2 up to nps 4, pressure class 3000 and 6000 lbs acc. to asme b16.11 |
| couplings and half-couplings | dimensions nps 1/2 up to nps 4, pressure class 3000 and 6000 lbs acc. to asme b16.11 |
| reducing couplings | dimensions nps 1/2 up to nps 2, pressure class 3000 and 6000 lbs acc. to asme b16.11 |
| caps | dimensions nps 1/2 up to nps 4, pressure class 3000 and 6000 lbs acc. to asme b16.11 |
| 0-lets | |
| weldolets® reducing | nps 3/4 up to nps 20, std and xs |
| weldolets® size on size | nps 3/4 up to nps 24, std and xs |
| sockolets® red & size on size | pressure class 3000 and 6000 lbs |
| thredolets® red & size on size | pressure class 3000 and 6000 lbs |
valves |
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| valves general | what are valves, classification of valves, class ratings, valve body, valve bonnet, valve trim, valve disk, valve seat(s), valve stem, valve stem packing, valve yoke, valve yoke nut, valve actuator |
| gate valve | gate valve general, construction of a gate valve, disks of a gate valve, stem of a gate valve, rising stem, non rising stem, seats of a gate valve |
| globe valve | globe valve general, body design of globe valves, z-body, y-body, angle-body, disks of a globe valve, seats of a globe valve, stem and disk connections of a globe valve, flow direction of globe valves |
| ball valve | ball valve general, types of ball valves, top-entry, split body, materials of balls and seats, stem and disk connections of a globe valve, ball valve stem design, ball valve bonnet, applications for ball valves |
| plug valve | plug valve general, types of plug valves and sealing, plug valve disk, applications for plug valves |
| butterfly valve | butterfly valve general, types of butterfly valves, wafer type, lug waver type, seat disk and stem of a butterfly valve, typical applications for butterfly valves |
| check valve | check valve general, types of check valves, swing check valve, lift check valve, piston check valve |
| bellows sealed valves | the bellow is a critical component and forms the heart of the bellow seal valves |
| pressure relief valve | what's a pressure relief valve, spring loaded pressure relief valve, balanced bellows valves and balanced piston valves, other designs of relief valves, codes, standards and recommended practices |
| rupture disk | what are rupture disks, purposes of rupture disks, primary relief, secondary relief, in series with relief valve, other functions, images of rupture disks and holders |
| dimensions | face to face and end to end dimensions of flanged valves according to asme b16.10 pressure class 150 lbs, 300 lbs, 600lbs, 900 lbs, 1500 lbs and 2500 lbs |
heat exchangers |
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| heat transfer | heat transfer, one of the most important industrial processes, conduction, convection, radiation, parallel flow, counter flow, cross flow, types of heat exchangers, shell and tube heat exchanger |
| shell and tube | description of shell and tube heat exchangers |
| tubes and tubesheet | types of tubes, materials of tubes, removable tube bundle design, u-tube bundle, types of tubesheets |
| shell assembly | shell, channel, head, impingement plate, front head, rear head, single and double segmental baffle, 4-pass tubeside design |
| tema designations | thermal expansion, fixed tube sheet design, diagram of u-tube heat exchanger, floating head design, kettle reboiler |
| plate heat exchangers | function of a plate heat exchanger, design of a plate heat exchanger, types of a plate heat exchangers, advanges of plate heat exchangers |
pumps |
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| what is a pump | a machine used for the purpose of transferring quantities of fluids and or gases, from one place to another |
| centrifugal pumps | centrifugal pumps has been designed specially for use in the food, dairy, beverage, pharmaceutical and light chemical industries... |
| positive displacement pumps | a positive displacement pump has an expanding cavity on the suction side of the pump and a decreasing cavity on the discharge side... |
storage tanks |
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| what are storage tanks | storage tanks and vessels containing organic liquids, non organic liquids, vapors and can be found in many industries... |
| safety considerations storage tanks | the type of storage tank used for specified product is principally determined by safety and environmental requirement. operation cost and cost effectiveness are the main factors in selecting the type of storage tank. |
| flame arresters | flame arresters or arrestors which are devices which allows gas to pass through it but stops a flame in order to prevent a larger fire or explosion |
specials |
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| lokring® fittings | definition of the use and applications of lokring adapters, what is lokring, patented elastic strain preload (esp®) technology, lokring approvals |
| victaulic® | definition of the use and applications of victaulic® pipe joining systems |
| quick connectors | use of cam and groove (cam lock) and chicago couplings |
| expansion joints | what are expansion joints's, metallic expansion joints (bellows), rubber expansion joints, teflon expansion joints, the expansion joint manufacturers association, inc. (ejma) |
specials technics |
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| branch connection | branch connection with reinforcing pad, dimensions reinforcing pad, manufacture reinforcing pad, installation of reinforcing pad, weep-hole, heat-number, non destructive examination (nde), the american national pipe thread tapered (npt) |
| hot tapping and line stopping | description of hot tapping and line stopping, required fittings and flanges etc. |
steel |
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| pipe racks | description of pipe racks or pipe bridges in a process plant |
| pipe supports | description of different pipe supports in a process plant |
| parts pipe supports | description of different parts of standard pipe supports |
| pipe support spacing | information about pipe support spacings or pipe spans. |
| hea beams | dimensions steel beams type hea acc to european standard nen-en 10025-1 and nen-en 10025-2 |
| heb beams | dimensions steel beams type heb acc to european standard nen-en 10025-1 and nen-en 10025-2 |
| hem beams | dimensions steel beams type hem acc to european standard nen-en 10025-1 and nen-en 10025-2 |
| ipe and inp beams | dimensions steel beams type ipe/inp acc to european standard nen-en 10025-1 and nen-en 10025-2 |
| unp and upe beams | dimensions steel beams type ipe/inp acc to european standard nen-en 10025-1 and nen-en 10025-2 |
| angle steel equal | dimensions angle steel equal acc to european standard nen-en 10025-1 and nen-en 10025-2 |
| angle steel unequal | dimensions angle steel equal acc to european standard nen-en 10025-1 and nen-en 10025-2 |
| tee steel equal/unequal | dimensions tee steel acc to european standard nen-en 10025-1 and nen-en 10025-2 |
| round and square steel | dimensions round and square steel acc to european standard nen-en 10025-1 and nen-en 10025-2 |
| flat steel | dimensions flat steel acc to european standard nen-en 10025-1 and nen-en 10025-2 |
din |
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| about din | din, the german institute for standardization, develops norms and standards... |
| iso-en-din | over the years, many din standards were integrated into the iso standards, and thus also a part of the en standards... |
| dimensions | welding neck flanges din en 1092-1 pn10 incl. dimensions of hex bolts and stud bolts for that type of flanges |
| dimensions | welding neck flanges din en 1092-1 pn16 incl. dimensions of hex bolts and stud bolts for that type of flanges |
| dimensions | welding neck flanges din en 1092-1 pn25 incl. dimensions of hex bolts and stud bolts for that type of flanges |
| dimensions | welding neck flanges din en 1092-1 pn40 incl. dimensions of hex bolts and stud bolts for that type of flanges |
| dimensions | welding neck flanges din en 1092-1 pn63 incl. dimensions of hex bolts and stud bolts for that type of flanges |
| dimensions | welding neck flanges din en 1092-1 pn100 incl. dimensions of hex bolts and stud bolts for that type of flanges |
| dimensions | welding neck flanges din en 1092-1 pn160 incl. dimensions of hex bolts and stud bolts for that type of flanges |
| dimensions | welding neck flanges din en 1092-1 pn250 incl. dimensions of hex bolts and stud bolts for that type of flanges |
| dimensions | welding neck flanges din en 1092-1 pn320 incl. dimensions of hex bolts and stud bolts for that type of flanges |
| dimensions | welding neck flanges din en 1092-1 pn400 incl. dimensions of hex bolts and stud bolts for that type of flanges |
steam |
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| steam - the energy fluid | steam has come a long way from its traditional associations with locomotives and the industrial revolution. steam today is an integral and essential part of modern technology. |
| a basic overview of a steam system | how is steam generated, distributed, controlled and used ? how is the condensate recycled ? - a basic overview of a steam system - |
| what is steam ? | a better understanding of the properties of steam may be achieved by understanding the general molecular and atomic structure of matter, and applying this knowledge to ice, water and steam. |
| what is condensate ? | steam that has been condensed back into water by either raising its pressure or lowering its temperature. not to be confused with demineralized, de-ionized, make up, or softened water. |
| steam traps | what are and why steam traps ? |
| thermostatic steam traps | liquid expansion steam traps, balanced pressure steam traps and bimetallic steam traps |
| mechanical steam traps | ball float steam traps and inverted bucket steam traps |
| thermodynamic steam traps | traditional thermodynamic steam traps, impulse steam traps and labyrinth steam traps |
| steam distribution system | an efficient steam distribution system is essential if steam of the right quality and pressure is to be supplied, in the right quantity, to the steam using equipment |
| steam distribution and pipe sizing | pipe sizing is a crucial aspect of steam system design. this page offers detailed advice on standards, schedules, materials and sizing for various saturated and superheated steam duties |
| Pipe expansion and supports | the pipework system must be sufficiently flexible to accommodate the movements of the components as they expand. in many cases the flexibility of the pipework system, due to the length of the pipe and number of bends and supports, means that no undue stresses are imposed. |
| available steam tables on www.wermac.org | a steam table list the properties of steam at varying pressures. they are the results of actual tests carried out on steam. |
| 0 barg - 11.9 barg | saturated steam table |
| 12 barg - 23.9 barg | saturated steam table |
| 24 barg - 35.9 barg | saturated steam table |
| 36 barg - 47.9 barg | saturated steam table |
| 48 barg - 59.9 barg | saturated steam table |
| 60 barg - 71.9 barg | saturated steam table |
| 72 barg - 83.9 barg | saturated steam table |
| 84 barg - 95.9 barg | saturated steam table |
| 96 barg - 107.9 barg | saturated steam table |
| 108 barg - 121.9 barg | saturated steam table |
| 120 barg - 131.9 barg | saturated steam table |
| 132 barg - 143.9 barg | saturated steam table |
| 144 barg - 155.9 barg | saturated steam table |
| 156 barg - 167.9 barg | saturated steam table |
| 168 barg - 179.9 barg | saturated steam table |
| 180 barg - 191.9 barg | saturated steam table |
| 192 barg - 203.9 barg | saturated steam table |
| 204 barg - 219.9 barg | saturated steam table |
welding |
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| welding procedures | welding procedure specification (wps), welding procedure qualification record (wpqr), welder performance qualification (wpq) |
| basic weld joints | butt joints, tee joints, lap joints, corner joints |
| tig welding | tungsten inert gas welding, definition |
| mig welding | gas metal arc welding (gmaw), or metal inert gas (mig), definition |
| electrode welding | shielded metal arc welding (smaw), or manual metal arc welding, definition |
bolts and nuts |
|
| stud bolts | stud bolt general, length of stud bolt, materials for stud bolts, marking of stud bolts |
| dimensions of stud bolts | dimensions nps 1/2 up to nps 24, pressure class 150 up to 2500 lbs |
| stud bolt lengths | method for calculating stud bolt lengths |
gaskets |
|
| flange gaskets | what is a flange gasket, types of gaskets, non-metallic gaskets, semi-metallic gaskets, metallic gaskets, spiral wound gaskets, grooved (camprofile) gaskets, metal jacketd gaskets |
| non-metallic flat gaskets | dimensions nps 1/2 up to nps 24, pressure class 150 up to 1500 lbs asme b16.21, asme b16.5 |
| spiral wound gaskets | dimensions nps 1/2 up to nps 24, pressure class 150 up to 2500 lbs asme b16.20, asme b16.5 |
| grooved (camprofile) gaskets | dimensions nps 1/2 up to nps 24, pressure class 150 up to 2500 lbs asme b16.5 |
| metal jacketd gaskets | dimensions nps 1/2 up to nps 24, pressure class 150 up to 2500 lbs asme b16.5 |
| non-metallic flat gaskets series a | dimensions nps 26 up to nps 60, pressure class 150 up to 600 lbs asme b16.21, asme b16.47 |
| non-metallic flat gaskets series b | dimensions nps 26 up to nps 60, pressure class 150 up to 600 lbs asme b16.21, asme b16.47 |
| spiral wound gaskets series a | dimensions nps 26 up to nps 60, pressure class 150 up to 900 lbs asme b16.20, asme b16.47 |
| spiral wound gaskets series b | dimensions nps 26 up to nps 60, pressure class 150 up to 900 lbs asme b16.20, asme b16.47 |
| rtj gaskets (oval / octagonal) | list of dimensions and tolerances of rtj gaskets type r acc to asme b16.20 used with rtj flanges acc to asme b16.5 and b16.47 standards |
non destructive testing (ndt) |
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| eddy current testing | eddy current testing, a non destructive testing technology that provides the ability to electronically drive multiple eddy current coils, which are placed side by side in the same probe assembly. |
| pressure testing | pressure testing is a non-destructive test performed to ensure the integrity of the pressure shell on new pressure equipment. |
| testing-equipment | pressure gauges, temperature and pressure recorder-receiver, hydrostatic test pumps |
| hydrostatic testing in practice | hydrostatic testing of pressure piping is a mandatory activity before finalization of any new or modified piping system. |
fossils into fuels |
|
| introduction to fossil fuels | crude oil, natural gas and coal are fossil fuels. fossil fuels are very precious resources because they are non-renewable (once they're used, that's it!). |
| exploration of oil and gas | the exploration for oil and gas, which may be quite time- and effort-intensive and rely on the collection and detailed analyses of extensive geologic information, involves a number of activities |
| oil and gas extraction | a common phenomenon in oil industry, is the pumpjack (also known as nodding donkey). today, almost all oil and gas wells are drilled using rotary drilling. in rotary drilling, a length of steel pipe (the drillpipe) with a drill bit on the end is rotated to cut a hole called the well bore. |
| transportation and storage | before the refining process can take place, first the crude oil must be transported to a refinery. |
| petroleum refining processes | once discovered, drilled and brought to the earth's surface, crude oil is transported to a refinery by pipeline, ship or both. at the refinery, it is treated and converted into consumer and industrial products. |
| facts from the oil industry | on that page you will find facts from the oil industry |
| crude oil prices | on that page you will find the actual west texas intermediate (wti) and brend blend crude oil prices |
| current global oil reserves | on that page you will find information about the current global oil reserves |
| the end of the oil age | current global oil reserves, with the question, when the end of the oil age comes |