• QA - Tips and Notes
  General questions and answers, as well as tips and comments about piping related issues.

• ASME B16.47 Series A and Series B Flanges
  ASME B16.47 is a standard for large diameter steel pipe flanges, from NPS 26 through NPS 60, and pressure classes 150 through 900 b16.47.
• Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC)
  Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) are two distinct activities that form part of quality management qaqc.
• Piping Related Abbreviations
  27 pages in the world of piping, many abbreviations are used, which are described over 27 pages
• Certified Mill Test Report (CMTR)
  A CMTR is a written and signed document that is approved by a qualified party and contains data and information that attests to the actual properties of an item and the actual results of all required tests cmtr.
• Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP)
  The Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) is an ASME classification and one of the most critical parameters in the oil and gas industry mawp.
• Motor Operated Valve (MOV)
  Motor-operated valves (MOVs) are industrial, electrically powered valves used to automatically open, close, or throttle fluid flow mov. movs.
• Valves General
  Valves are mechanical devices that controls the flow and pressure within a system or process
• Valve pressure classes ASME‎‏ B16.34
  The pressure class is a guideline and dimensionless number to define the pressure and temperature values at which valves of any type of valve can operate
• API 600 valve Trim No
  The removable and replaceable valve internal parts that come in contact with the flow medium are collectively termed as Valve trim
• Hard facing Valves
  Hardfacing is a metalworking process in which harder material is applied to delicate surfaces to reduce such damage
• Gate valves
  Gate valves are primarily designed to start or stop flow, and when a straight line flow of fluid and minimum flow restriction are needed
• Globe valves
  A Globe valve is a linear motion valve and are primarily designed to stop, start and regulate flow
• Ball valves
  A Ball valve is a quarter turn rotational motion valve that uses a ball shaped disk to stop or start flow
• Plug valves
  A Plug Valve is a quarter turn rotational motion Valve that use a tapered or cylindrical plug to stop or start flow
• Butterfly valves
  A Butterfly valve is a quarter turn rotational motion valve, that is used to stop, regulate, and start flow
• Check valves
  Check valves are automatic valves that open with forward flow and close with backward flow. A common other name for check valve is Non Return Valve (NRV)
• Non slam check valve
  A Non slam check valve refers to a valve that automatically opens and closes the disc acc. the flow of the medium itself to prevent the backflow of the medium
• Rising Stem Gate Valve vs Non Rising Stem Gate Valve
  
  The article explains the difference between these two types of gate valves and what are the advantages of one valve over the other rs nrs
• Bellows sealed Valve
  Leakage from the valve gland or stuffing box can be prevented with this type of valve; however, the price for a Bellow sealed valve is considerable and very high
• Pressure seal Valve
  The unique feature about the pressure seal Bonnet is that the body Bonnet joints seals improves as the internal pressure in the Valve increases
• Dimensions Spiral Wound Gaskets NPS ½‑24
  7 pages Pressure classes 150‑2500 acc. ASME B16.20 used with Raised Face flanges ASME B16.5
• Pipe Flanges General
  A flange is a method of connecting pipes, valves, pumps and other quipment to form a piping system
• Safety
  Lower and Upper Explosive Limits for Flammable Gases and Vapors
  Description of %LEL / %UEL / PPM etc.
• Dimensions Butt Weld Elbows NPS ½‑48
  Dimensions Butt Welding Elbows 45°‑90° LR and 3D acc. ASME B16.9 including dimensional tolerances fittings lr. sr. 3d.
• Butt Weld Fittings general
  Butt weld fittings are forged or wrought steel components designed to be welded onto pipe ends to create permanent, leak free, and highly strong connections in piping systems lr. sr. 3d.
• Piping related Books
  This post is intended for those working in the world of piping. If you want to learn the basic principles from books or literature, the books mentioned here are recommended for both beginners and experienced piping professionals book. books.
• Spectacle blinds Spades and Ring spacers
  Spectacle Blinds are generally applied to permanently separating pipesystems, or just to connect with each other; Spades and Ring Spacers are basically the same
• Differences between CNG‑LNG‑LPG gases
  In the ever changing world of energy resources, compressed and liquefied gases have become key players in meeting the diverse energy needs of industries, households, and the transportation sector cng. lng. lpg.
• Vacuum Insulated Pipes (VIP)
  Vacuum-insulated pipes are highly efficient piping systems designed to minimize heat transfer, particularly for transporting cryogenic liquids such as hydrogen, oxygen, liquid nitrogen, or LNG and natural gas at extremely low temperatures vip.
• Wastewater Treatment
  Industrial plants generate significant amounts of wastewater containing chemicals or other substances specific to their production process, known as industrial wastewater) waste.
• Pipe spools
  Pipe spools are prefabricated pipe segments, manufactured in a protected and controlled environment (workshop) spool. spools.
• Dimensions Pipe spools
  Multiple pages with dimensions for various types of pipe spools (updated regularly) spool. spools.
• Insulated Pipe Supports
  Insulated pipe supports are designed to reduce direct heat transfer between pipes and their supports, as heat loss is created during conduction at a support
• Vacuum Truck
  The vacuum truck (or vac truck) is a specialized industrial vehicle, equipped with a powerful pump, a storage tank and a suction hose vt.
• Stainless Steel ‑ the beginning
  Harry Brearley of Sheffield, England, achieved fame as a metallurgist when he discovered stainless steel in 1913 ss.
• Safety
  EHS
  Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) is an interdisciplinary discipline and set of practices that organizations use to prevent harm to people and the environment ehs.
• Safety
  HSE
  Health and Safety Executive (HSE) is Great Britain's national independent regulator and overseer for health, safety and wellbeing in the workplace hse.
• Safety
  Vacuum Lifting
  From heavy steel plates to delicate glass panels, vacuum lifters simplify tough material handling tasks (HSE‑Health and Safety Executive)
• Safety
  Foreword to Safety
  Make sure you get professionals within your company, and you'll find out that your world is safer
• Safety
  Safe use of Nitrogen
  Nitrogen is one of the most DANGEROUS GASES found in refineries and chemical plants
• Safety
  Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
  JSA simply means looking at the work task and considering what is the safest way to complete it
• Safety
  ATEX
  The name ATEX comes from the French.. ATmosphere EXplosibles
• Safety
  Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
  OSHA is responsible for protecting the health and safety of workers in the United States us. osha.
• Safety
  Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS)
  CCOHS is a federal organization dedicated to promoting workplace health and safety across Canada ccohs.
• Safety
  CE Marking
  CE marking indicates to a manufacturer or importer that a product meets safety, health and environmental requirements
• Safety
  Confined Spaces
  Is working in a confined space hazardous?
• Safety
  LoTo(To)
  LoTo(To) stands for Lockout Tagout (TryOut) and protects an employee by preventing others from using equipment or the switch on the machine during maintenance work or during troubleshooting
• Safety
  Carbon Monoxide and the Workplace
  The primary danger with Carbon Monoxide (CO) is that it cannot be easily detected. Carbon monoxide is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas, and thus gives its victims no advance warning
• Safety
  Exposure to hydrogen sulfide (H₂S)
  Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S ) is common in oil and gas operations, and is extremely deadly
• Safety
  Work on scaffolds
  Scaffolds are commonly used in construction work so workers have a safe, stable work platform when work cannot be done at ground level or on a finished floor
• Safety
  Safety by Total
  The Golden Rules of Occupational Safety.. Thoroughness and Vigilance
• Safety
  Safety by BP
  safety policy states no harm to people and no accidents
• Safety
  Safety by Chevron
  Chevrons Field Guide
• Safety
  Working safely with a forklift truck (FLT)
  FLT are widely used, but that does not make operating these transport vehicles easy
• Safety
  Working at Height
  Working at height involves a lot of risks. In a workplace where people can fall, you need extra fall protection
• Safety
  Active and Passive Fire protection
  Determining active and passive fire protection measures
• Safety
  Deluge system
  A Deluge system is a specialized fire protection system designed to quickly suppress, control, or extinguish fires by distributing a large amount of water (Victaulic NFPA) deluge.
• Safety
  Winterization
  Refineries, petrochemical plants and similar facilities must focus on proper winterization now more than ever before
• Safety
  World's Safest Pipelines
  By 2020, Canada's pipelines are among the safest in the world
• Safety
  HAZOP
  The Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) study is the most widely used Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) technique in the petrochemical, pharmaceutical, food, oil and gas, nuclear, and other process industries worldwide hazop.
• Safety
  HVAC
  HVAC stands for heating, ventilation and air conditioning hvac.
• Safety
  Lost Time Injury
  Lost Time Injury (LTI) is a term used in workplaces, especially in industries such as construction or manufacturing lti.
• Safety
  Modification of a scaffold
  Remember.. Only competent persons who have been trained and are experienced in this kind of work may make modifications to scaffolds!
• Safety
  NITROGEN.. the invisible killer
  If oxygen level falls below 16%, we will die of asphyxiation
• Safety
  Forklift Truck ‑ Lifting and Lowering People
  Never
• Safety
  Finger Saver
  Never put your hands or fingers in an area where they could get injured!
• Safety
  Hose Whipping
  Flexible pressurized hoses are found on most construction and repair operations
• Safety
  Leadership ‑ Promote and increase safety in the workplace
  Leadership is a powerful motivator when it comes to behavior
• Safety
  Working safely with machinery
  When various machines are used in the workplace, it is important that you know what the risks of working with these machines are
• Safety
  Operating cranes
  Before you start working with a crane, it is necessary to determine exactly what you will be doing
• Safety
  Oxygen and Hydrocarbons
  Oxygen under pressure and hydrocarbons (oil and grease) can react violently, resulting in explosions, fire, and injury to personnel and damage to property
• Safety
  Flange Guards
  Flange Guards (or Safety splash guards) are designed to contain and detect hazardous splashes
• Safety
  Working with acetylene cylinders
  The acetylene cylinder is an exception to other gas cylinders, because it is completely filled with a porous mass, in which acetone has been sucked up
• Safety
  Colors of Gas cylinders
  Colour coding of the most important gas cylinders in accordance with EN 1089 /3 standard
• Safety
  Cryogenic liquid containers
  They are designed for the reliable and economic transportation and storage of liquefied gases at cryogenic temperatures
• Safety
  Hot Work Permit
  A hot work permit is required for all non production or maintenance work that involves cutting, welding, grinding, using open flames or producing heat and/or sparks and is not performed in a permanently designated hot work area
• Safety
  Pipeline Safety for Consumers Personnel and Environment
  Pipelines are considered the safest means of transporting mass goodsPipelines are considered the safest means of transporting mass goods. In particular, they are used to transport liquids and gases
• Safety
  Safety aspects (I didn't know) in petrochemicals
  In the petrochemical industry, the risk of accidents must be taken seriously
• Safety
  ISO 45001
  ISO 45001 is the world's international standard for occupational health and safety, issued to protect employees and visitors from work related accidents and illnesses
• Safety
  Differences between Flash Point and Fire Point
  Understanding their safety features is of utmost importance when it comes to handling, storing and using flammable liquids
• Safety
  Health and safety in welding
  Welding is a hazardous activity that exposes workers to health and safety risks
• Safety
  Windsocks
  Everyone has seen a windsock at some point. But often it turns out that very little is known about what it actually is and what it is used for
• Safety
  Vacuum Lifting
  To clarify what vacuum technology entails, we'll apply the basic principles we learned in school
• Heat Affected Zone (HAZ)
  HAZ is an unmelted area of ​​metal whose material properties have changed due to exposure to high temperatures haz.
• Heat Exchanger
  A Heat Exchanger is a device built for efficient Heat Transfer from one medium to another he.
• Questions and Answers
  19 pages Question and Answer forum about everything and anything related to piping
• Piping Quiz
  22 pages Test yourself, how much you know about piping components
• General Questions and Answers
  >140 pages Frequently asked questions about piping related topics with short answers
• Piping related articles
  28 pages Collection of miscellaneous articles on piping related stuff cng. lng. lpg. flng caesar books water hammer plug dip rupture vacuum rud hydro test air pressure pneumatic refiners largest
• Latest Environment Posts
  37 pagesThis section on wermac.org aims to track the progress we are making as humanity to limit the spread of climate change
• Metal Weight Calculator
  15 pages The weights calculated on metal weight calculator pages are for guidance only. They are calculated using average densities for the materials
• Metric and Imperial Conversion Charts
  7 pages conversion charts ‑ length, right triangle, temperature, volume, weight, area, pressure
• Popular pages (updated monthly)
• Relax more than 200 pages
• Stud Bolts General
  In Petro and chemical industry for flange connections Stud Bolts and Hex Bolts are used washers
• Calculation Stud Bolt Lengths
  The Stud Bolt theoretical length can be calculated by means of the formula L = 2 (s + n + h + rf) + g
• Thread Pitch Chart
  Thread series cover designations of diameter/pitch combinations that are measured by the number of threads per inch (TPI) tpi.
• ASTM A193 B7 vs A193 B7M Stud Bolts
  Different ASTM specifications are followed by an 'M' indicating that it is an equivalent metric standard
• ASTM A193 B7 vs A320 L7 Stud Bolts
  ASTM A193 B7 is a Bolting specification for medium high temperature applications
• ASTM A194 Gr7 vs A194 Gr4 Hex Nuts
  While A194 Grade 4 and A194 Grade 7 nuts are mechanically identical and have the same intended applications, the only difference is the chemical values
• Stud bolt materials
  The most common stud bolt materials covered by ASTM A193 are
• API 20E/F bolting
  API 20E and 20F specify requirements for different bolting specification levels (BSL)
• Dimensions Stud Bolts
  7 pages Dimensions Stud Bolts for RF RTJ flanges ASME B16.5 Pressure Classes 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
• Dimensions inches Stud Bolts
  7 pages Dimensions Stud Bolts for RF RTJ flanges ASME B16.5 Pressure Classes 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
• Dimensions Stud Bolts ASME B16.47
  ASME b16.47 series A Pressure classses 150 to 900
• Dimensions Stud Bolts ASME B16.47
  ASME b16.47 series B Pressure classses 150 to 900
• Dimensions Heavy Hex Nuts ASME B18.2.2
  Heavy Hex Nuts to be used with Stud Bolts ASME B16.5
• Dimensions Metric Bolt Chart
  Hex bolts dimensions acc. DIN 931 ISO 4014
• Dimensions Metric Nuts
  Dimensions acc. DIN 931 ISO 4014
• Rotabolt®
  Rotabolts are Tension controlled Fasteners and the only practical direct stress/strain measurement technique
• Double End Studs
  Double end stud bolts are screw fasteners with threads on both ends and an unthreaded section in the middle
• Locking Nuts
  Lock nuts or locking nuts are special types of fasteners designed to provide secure fastening
• Belleville Washers
  Belleville washers, also known as Belleville springs, are a type of non flat washer
• Xylan®
  Xylan is a registered brand name for a type of fluoropolymer coating. Xylan Coating is developed, branded and marketed by Whitford Worldwide Company
• Bolting Torque Tables
  The torque tables are built on specific assumptions regarding bolt and nut factor a given
• Torque Calculation
  Torque calculation for ASTM 193 Grade B7 and B16 Stud‎‏ Bolts used with Spiral Wound Gaskets
• Civil Engineering Civil engineering is arguably the oldest engineering discipline
• Indias greatest Civil engineer
  In remembrance of Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya, the most outstanding Engineer of all times, the Engineering fraternity of India celebrates “Engineer's Day” every year on 15th of September
• India Engineers
  Around 66% men in the world are interested in engineering while the figure stands as low as
• Palm Island Dubai
  5 Km into the Persian Gulf, lie the Palm Islands, Dubai. Palm Jumeirah can even be seen from space
• The Delta Works in the Netherlands
  Oosterscheldekering
  A surge barrier between the islands Schouwen Duiveland and Noord Beveland
• The Delta Works in the Netherlands
  Maeslantkering
  A storm surge barrier between the Nieuwe Waterweg located at Hoek van Holland and the cities of Maassluis and Vlaardingen
• The Millau Viaduct
  The Millau Viaduct (French le Viaduc de Millau) is a cable stayed bridge
• Huajiang Canyon Bridge
  The bridge is a suspension bridge in Guizhou in China
• Great Wall of China
  The wall is an ancient series of walls and fortifications located in northern China
• Pyramids of Giza
  Arabic: AHRAMAT AL JIZAH, Giza also spelled GIZEH, three pyramids from the 4th dynasty (c. 2575 c
• The Euro Tunnel
  The Chunnel, is one of the most challenging civil engineering projects of the 20th century
• Kansai International Airport
  The Kansai Airport also had to satisfy two specific requirements from a technical point of view, it had to meet the strict local earthquake and tsunami safety regulations
• Three Gorges Dam
  China's Three Gorges Project is the largest water conservation project in the world concrete
• Sayano Shushenskaya Dam
  The dam is located on the Yenisei River, near Sayanogorsk in Khakassia, Russia power plant
• Int'l Building Code
  The International Building Code (IBC) is a worldwide recognized set of codes and standards
• Cement production
  Concrete is the most widely used building material in the world. It is so flexible, strong and practical
• Septic tank
  A septic tank is an underground container that is part of a waste disposal system for homes
• Grouting
  Grouting is a construction technique used to fill the gaps or voids between tiles, bricks or other materials
• Reference Points ‑ Location is Relative
  An object's location is always given relative to another reference object objects
• Plot Plan and Equipment Arrangement
  A Plot Plan is a scale drawing that gives an overview (top view) of the entire plant
• Piping Arrangement
  In Piping Drawings there are two types of views in hand drawn piping drawings: Orthographic and Pictorial views isometrics dwg
• Piping Instrument Diagram (P&ID)
  The Piping and Instrument Diagram provides a schematic representation of the piping, process control, and instrumentation pid.
• Process Flow Diagram(PFD)
  A process flow diagram is a type of diagram that illustrates the relationships between key components in a process plant pfd.
• Piping Isometric
  Unlike orthographics, piping isometrics allow the pipe to be drawn in a manner by which the length, width and depth are shown in a single view iso.
• Pipe support at Isometric
  Pipe supports are usually indicated on isometric drawings as a “PIPE SUPPORT CALL OUT”
• Piping Engineering
  Piping engineering is a specialized discipline of Mechanical Engineering that deals with the design of piping
• Engineering Standards general
  Standards, codes, specifications are extremely important and often essential in engineering
• Engineering Standards
  15 pages Piping Material Specifications
• Piping Specification (Pipe Spec)
  The Piping Specification (Pipe Spec) is a document prepared during the design phase of any project
• Example Pipe Specification
  The example specification covers carbon steel piping for general non corrosive gas and liquid process service
• Pipe Stress Analysis
  Pipe stress analysis examines piping systems to verify their strength, safety, and efficiency
• Piping Vibration
  Pipe vibrations are vibrations in piping systems caused by the coincidence of the pulsation frequency of the pipes
• Piping Design
  Piping design is a crucial part of engineering projects and process plants, involving the creation of systems
• Thermal‎‏ expansion ‑ Thermal‎‏ stress
  Thermal expansion and the resulting thermal stress are key concepts in engineering and physics
• Piping Flexibility ‑ Thermal Expansion of Pipe
  One major requirement in piping design is to provide adequate flexibility for absorbing the thermal expansion of the pipe
• Mill Test Certificate
  The Mill Test Certificate, or also known as Material Test Certificate, plays an important role in quality control of materials in several industries
• Heat Number
  A heat number is a unique identifier stamped on a piece of metal to give information about its origin
• Mechanical symbols on P&ID Overview
  Strainer, Bursting disk, Spectakle blind, Steam trap, Sight Glass, Slide Valve Hand Operated and more
• PFD symbols for Heat Exchangers overview pfd.
  Piping Flow Diagram ‑ PFD symbols for use with Heat Exchangers pfd.
• Symbols for Isometric drawings overview
  Overview of mechanical symbols for Isometric drawings iso.
• P&ID symbols for Heat Exchangers overview
  Overview of P&ID symbols for use with Heat Exchangers pid.
• Symbols in Piping Arrangements overview
  Overview of drawing symbols for single line Piping Arrangements
• MTO, BOM, BOQ in a nutshell
  In the world of piping and project management, accurate documentation and clear communication are essential
• Process plant commissioning
  Process plant commissioning includes activities such as cleaning, flushing, verification, leak testing, performance evaluation and functional testing
• Unit Rate contract
  Under a unit rate contract, a construction company prices separate parts or units of the work, to estimate the total projects cost
• Shop Fabrication of Pipe Spools
  Timely supply of pipe spools to module yard and installation site is the key to the success of whole project
• Field fabrication of Piping
  Some contractors prefer to do most, if not all fabrication in the shop, others prefer to set up at the job site
• Modular Projects
  Modularization, in which structures are pre assembled off the primary construction site, has been popular since the 1970s
• Tolerances in Pipe Fabrication
  The prefabrication of pipe spools based on fixed tolerance specifications is an important step in the construction of piping systems
• Nozzle length and Spacing
  Minimum Length and Spacing without Reninforcement, Minimum Length and Spacing with Reninforcement
• Unequal Wall Thickness
  Weld End Preparation at Unequal Wall Thicknesses, Acceptable Design in Piping components
• Pipe Line Spacing Chart
  The line spacing dimensions are based on a minimum clearance between the outside diameter
• Types and Materials of‎‏ Industrial Insulation
  There are varying opinions as to the classification of mechanical insulation by the service temperature range
• Space Requirements of Industrial Insulation
  The space requirements of the insulation must be taken into account when the installation is being designed and planned
• Industrial Insulation of Piping systems
  Piping insulation also has an important function. It must ensure that heat loss are effectively reduced and that the installation continues to operate economically
• Steam Tracing of Piping Systems
  Steam tracing is usually accomplished by running copper steam lines in direct contact with the piping or vessels
• Electrical Heat Tracing
  Electrical heat tracing systems use cables or tapes that generate heat along pipes
• Floating Head Heat Exchanger
  The floating head heat exchanger is a type of tube heat exchanger in which the tube sheet combination is independent and can move freely within the shell shell exchangers
• Fouling and Scaling in Heat Exchangers
  The deposition of unwanted materials such as scale, suspended particles, insoluble salts and even algae on the internal surfaces of the heat exchanger is called fouling internal surfaces
• Heat Exchanger repair by Plugging
  Repair of tubes may be accomplished by plugging the tube at the tubesheet with a welded or mechanical attachment
• Cleaning of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
  Clean heat exchanger tubes are essential to the functionality of shell and tube heat exchangers
• Heat Exchanger Collar Bolts
  Collars bolts are used for removable bundle heat exchangers, to holding the bundle in place, if only the channel must be removed colar collar
• Header / Shoulder Plugs for Exchangers
  Shoulder plugs or header plugs are made for plug type header boxes in air cooled heat exchangers
• Intro to Plate Heat Exchangers
  A plate Heat Exchanger is a unit which transfers heat continuously from one media to another media without adding energy to the process
• Air Cooled Heat Exchangers
  The design of an Air Cooled Heat Exchanger (AC HE) is more complex than for a Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger ache
• Cleaning Air Cooled Heat Exchangers
  Keeping ACHE or ACC air cooled heat exchangers and specific parts clean, is very important to maintain quality and extend life
• Pumps general
  A pump is a machine used for the purpose of transferring quantities of fluids and or gases from one place to another
• Centrifugal Pump
  Centrifugal Pumps has been designed specially for use in the food, dairy, beverage, pharmaceutical and light chemical industries
• Centrifugal Pumps acc. API 610 standard
  The API 610 standard specifies requirements for centrifugal pumps, including pumps running in reverse as hydraulic power recovery turbines (HPRTs), for use in petroleum, petrochemical, and gas industry process services oh. bb. vs.
• NPSH in Centrifugal Pumps
  NPSH stands for Net Positive Suction Head and is a measure of the pressure experienced by a liquid on the suction side of a centrifugal pump npsh.
• Positive Displacement Pump
  A Positive Displacement Pump has an expanding cavity on the suction side of the pump and a decreasing cavity
• Peristaltic Pump
  Peristaltic pumps are a type of rotary positive displacement pump that consist of two integral parts
• Industrial heat pumps
  Industrial heat pumps are designed to meet industrial process heat loads and operating requirements and are emerging
• Sucker Rod Pump (Nodding Donkey)
  Oil production by sucker rod pumps is one of the most widely used methods of artificial lifting
• Pump Cavitation
  Cavitation in pumps is the rapid creation and subsequent disintegration of bubbles in a liquid
• Major Types of Industrial Scrubbers
  Scrubbers are air pollution control devices that use liquid to remove particulate matter or gases
• Noise Control by Industrial Silencers
  Noise induced hearing loss is an extremely important health problem for people who work in industry
• Industrial Reactors
  Generally, reactors are vessels designed to contain chemical reactions of interest and industrial systems
• Air Compressors general
  A compressor converts atmospheric air into compressed air for various industries
• Storage Tanks
  Storage tanks containing organic liquids, non organic liquids, vapors and can be found in many industries
• Tank Farm or Tank Terminal
  A Tank Farm is an industrial facility for the storage of oil, petroleum and petrochemical products
• Storage Tank Implosion
  The most common cause of vacuum in tanks is caused by steam (water vapor)
• Safety of storage tanks
  Design and safety concern has come to a great concern as reported case of fires and explosion for the storage tank
• Cryogenic Tanks
  Cryogenic tanks are used for the storage of natural gases such as oxygen, argon, nitrogen, helium and hydrogen
• Avoid Boil off Gas in Cryogenic Tanks
  One of the problems recognized early on in the storage of of gases as liquids at cryogenic temperatures (typically 150°C) is evaporative gas (BOG) bog oil off
• Flame Arresters
  A Flame Arrester also spelled arrestor is a device which allows gas to pass through it but stops a flame fire explosion
• Differences between pressure vessels and storage tanks
  Pressure tanks and vessels are available in a wide range of shapes and sizes to meet the specific requirements of different industries
• Spherical and Cylindrical Pressure Vessels
  Pressure vessels can theoretically be almost any shape, but shapes made of sections of spheres, cylinders, and cones are usually employed
• Bonding Process
  Explosion Bonding or Explosion Cladding or Explosion Welding is a technically based industrial welding process
• Distillation Column
  A distillation column is an essential item used in the distillation of liquid mixtures to separate the mixture columns
• Distillation Column Internals
  A bubble cap tray has riser or chimney fitted over each hole ‑ Sieve trays are simply metal plates with holes in them ‑ in valve trays perforations are covered by liftable caps columns
• Demister Pad's in Process Piping
  Demister Pad's are similar to air filters, which are used for removing dust particles from a stream of air demisters pads
• Manhole in Process Piping
  Manholes are installed in storage tanks, pressure vessels, drums, columns and serves as a passage and vent for personnel during installation, repair, cleaning and maintenance
• Flaring in Industry ‑ Gas flare / Flare Stack
  A gas flare, alternatively known as a flare stack is a important safety device used in refineries and petrochemical facilities flares staks
• Knock Out drum in Flaring systems Knock Out drums are vessels in flare headers designed to remove and accumulate condensed and entrained liquids from the relief gases
• Pressure Leaf Filter
  Pressure Leaf Filters, in vertical or horizontal configurations, provide excellent removal of suspended solids
• Cooling Towers
  Cooling towers are special types of heat exchangers in which water and air interact to lower the temperatures
• Vortex breaker
  Vortex breakers are installed to prevent the formation of a vortex when emptying tanks
• Butt Weld Elbows
  The function of a elbow is to change direction or flow in a piping system and by default, there are five opportunities fittings lr. sr. 3d.
• Butt Weld Tees
  The primary purpose of a Tee is to make a 90° branch from the main run of pipe and standard there are two possibilities fittings
• Butt Weld Reducers
  Reducers be applied, to change from pipe diameter in one direction and standard there are two possibilities fittings
• Marking Requirements Fittings some examples
  The ASME B31.3 Code requires random examination of materials and components
• ASTM material standards
  The standards define the specific manufacturing process fittings
• ASTM A234 material standard
  The standard overs wrought carbon steel and alloy steel fittings
• ASTM A403 material standard
  The A403 standard specifies key properties such as chemical composition, mechanical performance and heat treatment requirements
• Butt Weld Tee Manufacturing
  The hot extrusion process for tees consists of enclosing a piece of metal, heated to forging temperature in a chamber called a “container” fittings
• Butt Welded Elbows Manufacturing
  The Mandrel method is one of the most common manufacturing method for making elbows from pipes
• Butt Weld Cap Manufacturing
  One of the most common manufacturing methods for caps, where plate is cut out in a circle and formed by “deep drawing” fittings
• Induction Bending
  Induction Bending is a controlled means of bending pipes through the application of local heating using high frequency induced electrical power fittings
• Dimensions Butt Weld Elbows NPS 1‑6
  Dimensions Butt Welding Elbows 90° SR acc. ASME B16.9 including dimensional tolerances lr. sr. 3d.
• Dimensions Butt Weld Elbows NPS ½‑24 and SR
  Dimensions Butt Welding Elbows 180° LR acc. ASME B16.9 including dimensional tolerances lr. sr. 3d.
• Dimensions Butt Weld Reducing Elbows NPS 3‑24
  Dimensions Butt Welding Reducing Elbows 90° LR and SR acc. ASME B16.9 including dimensional tolerances lr. sr. 3d.
• Dimensions and weights Butt Weld Caps NPS ½‑48
  Dimensions Butt Welding Caps acc. ASME B16.9 including dimensional tolerances fittings
• Dimensions Butt Weld Reducers Concentric and Eccentric NPS ½‑40
  Dimensions Butt Welding Reducers acc. ASME B16.9 including dimensional tolerances fittings
• Dimensions Butt Weld Straight Tees NPS ½‑48
  Dimensions Butt Welding Straight Tees acc. ASME B16.9 including dimensional tolerances
• Dimensions Butt Weld Reducing Tees NPS ½‑48
  7 pages Dimensions Butt Welding Reducing Tees acc. ASME B16.9 including dimensional tolerances fittings
• Dimensions Butt Weld Stub Ends Stainless Steel NPS ½‑24
  Dimensions Butt Welding Stub Ends acc. MSS SP43 type A/B including dimensional tolerances
• Dimensions Butt Weld Stub Ends Carbon Steel NPS ½‑24
  Dimensions Butt Welding Stub Ends acc. ASME B16.9 including dimensional tolerances
• Weights of Butt Weld Elbows
  4 pages ASME B16.9 butt welding fitting specifications do not specify weights for fittings. Weights quoted in the tables on that page are based on manufacturers information and should be considered as approximate and provided as a guide only!
• Weights of Butt Weld Reducers concentric and eccentric
  4 pages ASME B16.9 butt welding fitting specifications do not specify weights for fittings. Weights quoted in the tables on that page are based on manufacturers information and should be considered as approximate and provided as a guide only!
• Weights of Butt Weld Tees Straight and Reducing
  2 pages ASME B16.9 butt welding fitting specifications do not specify weights for fittings. Weights quoted in the tables on that page are based on manufacturers information and should be considered as approximate and provided as a guide only!
• Definition and Details of Threaded‎‏ Fittings
  Threaded joints probably represent the oldest method of joining piping systems. Like Socket Weld fittings, threaded fittings are mainly used for small pipe diameters (Small Bore Piping)
• Dimensions Threaded Elbows NPS ½‑4
  Threaded Elbows 90° and 45° Pressure classes 2000, 3000 and 6000 acc. ASME B16.11
• Dimensions Threaded Tees and Crosses NPS ½‑4
  Threaded Tees and Crosses Pressure classes 2000, 3000 and 6000 acc. ASME B16.11
• Dimensions Threaded Street Elbows NPS ½‑2
  Threaded Street Elbows pressure classes 3000 and 6000 acc. ASME B16.11
• Dimensions Threaded Full and Half Couplings NPS ½‑4
  Threaded Full and Half Couplings Pressure classes 3000 and 6000 acc. ASME B16.11
• Dimensions Threaded End Caps NPS ½‑4
  Threaded End Caps pressure classes 3000 and 6000 acc. ASME B16.11
• Dimensions Threaded Hex Head Bushings NPS ½‑4
  Threaded Hex Head Bushings acc. ASME B16.11
• Dimensions Threaded Hex Head ‑ Square Head ‑ Round Head Plugs NPS ½‑4
  Threaded plugs acc. ASME B16.11
• Dimensions Threaded Unions NPS ⅛‑3
  Unions including pressure and temperature Service rating for Class 3000 Carbon and Stainless Steel Unions acc. MSS SP83
• Definition and Details of Socket Weld‎‏‎‏ Fittings
  A Socket Weld fitting is a pipe attachment detail in which a pipe is inserted into a recessed area of a valve, fitting or flange
• Dimensions Socket Weld Elbows NPS ½‑4
  Socket Weld Elbows90° and 45° pressure classes 3000 and 6000 acc. ASME B16.11
• Dimensions Socket Weld Tees and Crosses NPS ½‑4
  SW Tees and Crosses pressure classes 3000 and 6000 acc. ASME B16.11
• Dimensions Socket Weld Full and Half Couplings NPS ½‑4
  SW Couplings pressure classes 3000 and 6000 acc. ASME B16.11
• Dimensions Socket Weld Reducing Couplings NPS ½‑2
  SW Couplings pressure classes 3000 and 6000 acc. ASME B16.11
• Dimensions Socket Weld Caps NPS ½‑4
  Socket Weld Caps pressure classes 3000 and 6000 acc. ASME B16.11
• Swage nipples vs Butt‎‏ Weld Reducers
  Swage nipples and Butt Welding reducers are often a topic of much debate. Which of these components are best suited in a piping system, and therefore it is important to understand their differences
• O'let Branch Connection
  Branch Connection fittings (also known as O'lets) are fittings which provide an outlet from a larger pipe to a smaller one (or one of the same size)
  such as..
  Weldolet®
  Sockolet®
  Thredolet®
  Latrolet®
  Elbolet®
  Nipolet®
  Sweepolet®
  Brazolet®
  Coupolet® olet
• Weldolet®
  Weldolets (collective name ‑ O'lets) are typically used in high pressure and high temperature applications olet weldolet.
• Reinforcement Pad vs Weldolet®
  A reinforcement pad is welded around the branch while for a branch with a Weldolet no reinforcement pad is required
• Welding requirements of O'let
  Based on the number of occurrences it is clear that a significant misunderstanding exists on how much welding is required for a complete installation of an integrally reinforced branch outlet fitting olets o lets
• Dimensions Weldolet® Reducing NPS ½‑24
  STD Wall thickness acc. MSS SP97
• Dimensions Weldolet® Reducing NPS ½‑24
  XS Wall thickness acc. MSS SP97
• Dimensions Weldolet® Size on Size NPS ½‑24
  STD Wall thickness acc. MSS SP97
• Dimensions Weldolet® Size on Size NPS ½‑24
  XS Wall thickness acc. MSS SP97
• Dimensions Sockolet® Reducing NPS ½‑6
  pressure class 3000 acc. MSS SP97
• Dimensions Sockolet® Size on Size NPS ½‑6
  pressure class 3000 acc. MSS SP97
• Dimensions Thredolet® Reducing NPS ½‑6
  pressure classes 3000 and 6000 acc. MSS SP97
• Dimensions Thredolet® Size on Size NPS ½‑6
  pressure class 3000 acc. MSS SP97
• Dimensions Elbolet® NPS ¼‑2
  pressure classes 3000 and 6000 acc. MSS SP97
• Dimensions Latrolet® NPS ¼‑4
  (3 types) Schedule Std, XS, 160,XXS and pressure classes 3000 and 6000 acc. MSS SP97
• Pressure Classes of Flanges
  Forged steel flanges ASME B16.5 are made in seven primary Pressure Classes..150, 300, 400,600,900,1500 and 2500
• Flange types
  Most commonly used flange types are: Weld Neck flanges, Slip On flanges, Lap Joint flanges, Socket Weld flanges, Threaded flanges, Blind flanges so flanges
• Types of Flange faces
  Different types of flange faces are used as the contact surfaces to seat the sealing gasket material
• Flange Face Finish
  The ASME B16.5 code requires that the flange face (raised face and flat face) has a specific roughness
• Generic Marking Standards and Requirements for flanges
  The ASME B31.3 Code requires random examination of materials and components to ensure conformance to listed specifications and standards
• Bolt Hole Orientation for flanges
  During the prefab of a flange the position of the bolt holes are of particular importance. Maybe you have ever seen the following on a drawing.. All Flange Bolt Holes Straddle the Centerlines
• ASTM grades for Flanges
  Grades of materials used for.. Flanges, Pipes and Fittings acc. various ASTM standards
• ASTM A105 Flange Material Specification
  ASTM‎‏ A105 covers wrought carbon steel piping components for use in ambient and elevated temperatures in pressurized systems
• ASTM A350 Flange Material Specification
  ASTM A350 covers various grades of carbon and low alloy steels, forged or ring rolled flanges
• Gaskets and Bolts for flanged connections
  To realize a leak free flange connection gaskets and bolts are necessary
• Torque Tightening
  To obtain a leak free flange connection the bolts must be assign on the correct bolt tension, and the total bolt strength must be evenly divided over the whole flange face
• Bolt Tensioning
  Tensioning is the direct axial stretching of the bolt to achieve preload
• Bolting Torque Tables
  8 pages The torque tables are built on specific assumptions regarding bolt and nut factor
• API 6A flanges
  The API 6A specification is a standard developed for the American Petroleum Institute and shares many characteristics with ASME flanges
• Orifice flanges
  Orifice flanges acc. ASME B16.36 generally come with either Raised Faces or RTJ (Ring Type Joint) facings. They are, for all intensive purposes, the same as weld neck flanges
• Jack Screw dimensions for Orifice flanges
  acc. ASME B16.36 usually two jack screws are mounted, and they are used to separate the flanges allowing the orifice plate, among other things, to be inspected and replaced
• Long Welding Neck Flange Dimensions
  Long Neck Welding (abbreviated LWN) flanges are basically identical to standard Welding Neck flanges
• Special flanges
  Special Flanges are basically identical to standard flanges, but have a number of special features
• Swivel Ring Flange
  The Swivel Ring Flange is comparable to a set of stub end and lap joint flange, with the difference that
• Anchor Flanges
  An anchor flange is a device that is installed on a pipeline to counteract axial movement, and prevents the pipeline from moving
• Smurf Flange
  Smurf flanges are specially designed for filling and draining piping systems during a hydrotest
• Quickflange
  Quickflange (QF) is a product of Norwegian origin and has been developed with involvement of Oil and Gas industry organisations such Statoil, Det Norske Veritas (DNV) and ABS
• Dimensions Weld Neck Flanges NPS ½‑24
  20 pages Dimensions and tolerances Welding Neck Flanges and Stud Bolts acc. ASME B16.5 Pressure classes 150‑2500
• Dimensions Slip On Flanges NPS ½‑24
  19 pages Dimensions and tolerances Slip On Flanges and Stud Bolts acc. ASME B16.5 Pressure classes 150‑2500 so flanges
• Dimensions Socket Weld Flanges NPS ½‑24
  7 pages Dimensions and tolerances Socket Weld Flanges and Stud Bolts acc. ASME B16.5 Pressure classes 150‑2500
• Dimensions Lap Joint Flanges NPS ½‑24
  19 pages Dimensions and tolerances Lap Joint Flanges and Stud Bolts acc. ASME B16.5 Pressure classes 150‑2500
• Dimensions Threaded Flanges NPS ½‑2½
  7 pages Dimensions and tolerances Threaded Flanges and Stud Bolts acc. ASME B16.5 Pressure classes 150‑2500
• Dimensions Spectacle Blinds NPS ½‑24
  Dimensions Spectacle Blind Flanges acc. ASME B16.48 Pressure classes 150‑2500
• Dimensions Spades and Ring Spacers NPS ½‑24
  Dimensions Spades and Ring Spacers acc. ASME B16.48 Pressure classes 150‑2500
• Dimensions and Weights of Spades and Ring Spacers above 24 inch
  used for Flanges ASME B16.47 series A Pressure classes 150‑900
• Dimensions Studding Outlets NPS ½‑24
  6 pages Design: ASME B16.11 ASME B16.9 Marking: MSS SP25
• Bleed or Drip Ring
  for ASME B16.5 RF flanges including dimensions
• Forged Flanges Weight Chart NPS ½‑24
  weights refer to ASME B16.5 flanges
• Dimensions Welding Neck and Blind flanges NPS 26‑60
  ASME B16.47 Series A Pressure classes 150‑900
• Dimensions Welding Neck and Blind flanges NPS 26‑60
  ASME B16.47 Series B Pressure classes 150‑900
• Dimensions Orifice Weld Neck RF flanges NPS 1‑24
  5 pages Pressure classes 300 600 900 1500 2500 acc. ASME B16.36 including stud bolt diameter and length
• Dimensions Orifice Weld Neck RTJ flanges NPS 1‑24
  4 pages Pressure classes 600 900 1500 2500 acc. ASME B16.36 including stud bolt diameter and length
• Dimensions Ring Joint Facings ASME B16.5
  7 pages Pressure Classes 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500
• Dimensions inches Weld Neck Flanges ½‑24
  7 pages Pressure classes 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500 ASME B16.5 including stud bolts diameter and length and dimensional tolerances
• Dimensions API 6B Flanges
  4 pages API 6A 2000 3000 5000 2000 PSI Working Pressure
• Dimensions Weld Neck and Slip On flanges BS 3293
  4 pages Pressure classes 150 300 400 600 so flanges
• Dimensions Male and Female and Tongue and Groove flanges
  acc. ASME B16.5
• Flange (Pipe) protectors
  Flange protectors are designed to protect flanges from damage during transportation or exposure to corrosive elements
• Flange Insulation Gasket‎‏ Kit
  Gasket sets for flange insulation are designed to ensure the integrity and reliability of the pipeline and piping system through safety and corrosion protection
• Raised Face Height
  For the height of the Raised Face of all flange sizes, except for the Lap Joint flange, it is important to understand the details
• Gaskets for flanged Connections
  Flange gaskets are used to create a static seal between two flanges faces, at various operating conditions, with varied pressure and temperature ratings
• Spiral wound (SPW) gaskets for flanged connections
  Spiral wound gaskets are characterised by a high degree of precision. This makes it possible to integrate a filler material while winding a profiled metal strip spw.
• Camprofile Gaskets
  Camprofile gaskets consist of a concentrically serrated, solid metal core with a soft, formable seal material bonded to each surface kamm kammprofile
• Spiral woud vs Camprofile Gaskets
  Both spiral wound and kammprofile gaskets or grooved gaskets are used in various applications, such as refineries, petrochemical plants, power plants, etc kamm kammprofile
• Dimensions Camprofile GasketsNPS ½‑24
  Pressure classes 150‑2500 acc. ASME B16.20 used with Raised Face flanges ASME B16.5 kamm kammprofile
• Dimensions Non‑Metallic Flat Ring Gaskets NPS ½‑24
  Pressure classes 150‑900 acc. ASME B16.21 used with Raised Face flanges ASME B16.5
• Dimensions Metal Jacketed Gaskets NPS ½‑24
  Pressure classes 150‑2500 acc. ASME B16.20 used with Raised Face flanges ASME B16.5
• Dimensions METRIC Metal Jacketed Gaskets DN10‑DN900
  Pressure classes 1PN10‑PN100 acc. EN 1514‑4 used with Raised Face flanges EN 1092/1
• Dimensions Ring Ring Joint Gaskets (RTJ) NPS ½‑36
  Pressure classes 150‑2500 acc. ASME B16.20 used with Raised Face flanges ASME B16.5 and ASME B16.47SeriesA
• Dimensions METRIC Spiral Wound Gaskets DN10‑DN3000
  Pressure classes PN10‑PN400 acc. EN 1514‑2 used with Raised Face flanges DIN EN 1092/1
• Dimensions Non Metallic Flat Ring Gaskets NPS 26‑60
  Pressure classes 150‑600 acc. ASME B16.21 used with RF flanges ASME B16.47 seriesA
• Dimensions Non Metallic Flat Ring Gaskets NPS 26‑60
  Pressure classes 150‑600 acc. ASME B16.21 used with RF flanges ASME B16.47 seriesB
• Dimensions Spiral Wound Gaskets NPS 26‑60
  5 pages Pressure classes 150‑900 acc. ASME B16.20 used with Raised Face flanges ASME B16.47 seriesA
• Dimensions Spiral Wound Gaskets NPS 26‑60
  5 pages Pressure classes 150‑900 acc. ASME B16.20 used with Raised Face flanges ASME B16.47 seriesB
• Dimensions Nonmetallic Full Face Gaskets NPS ½‑24
  5 pages Pressure classes 150‑900 acc. ASME B16.21 used with Flat Face flanges ASME B16.5
• Flexitallic Spiral Wound Gaskets
  Flexitallic Gasket Identification are colour coded to help expedite the selection and identity of the gaskets
• Gland packing ‑ applications and advantages
  Gland packing is an essential component in many industrial applications because that flexible seal prevents leakage of liquids and gases in rotating equipment such as pumps and valves
• Manually operated Circular Gasket cutters
  Circular gasket cutters are tools used to accurately cut perfectly round gaskets of various sizes and materials
• PTFE envelope flange gaskets
  A PTFE envelope gasket is a composite gasket, and consists of an envelope of PTFE with an insert Polytetrafluoroethylene
• Ring Type Joint Gaskets (RTJ)
  RTJ gaskets are made from metallic materials and are widely used in onshore and offshore upstream and downstream petroleum and petrochemical applications rtj.
• Lens Shaped Ring gaskets
  Lens Shaped Ring Gaskets consist of a solid disc made of stainless steel or a special alloy and, unlike RTJ metal gaskets, are reusable because the sealing effect is generally achieved by elastic deformation of the surfaces
• Dishing of Spiral Wound Gaskets
  Why does the outer ring of a spiral wound gasket (with inner and outer rings) sometimes get warped (like a satellite dish) when installed?
• Effects and Economic impact of Corrosion
  Corrosion is degradation of materials properties due to interactions with their environments, and corrosion of most metals (and many materials for that matter) is inevitable
• Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI)
  CUI is a common problem shared by the refining, petrochemical, power, industrial, onshore and offshore industries
• Microbiologically Induced Corrosion (MIC)
  MIC is the decomposition of metals (especially steel, copper, and aluminum) caused or accelerated by microorganisms mic.
• Corrosion Allowance
  By knowing the expected general corrosion rate and the anticipated plant or service life of a part, the designer can calculate the extra thickness required for corrosion resistance
• Corrosion Inhibitors
  Corrosion inhibitors (CI) provide a certain resistance to corrosion and reduce the corrosion rate or prevent a substance from corroding
• White Rust
  The white rash that forms on galvanized steel and aluminum is often called “white rust” and like ordinary rust, it is a form of corrosion
• Sour Service
  Any process fluid containing hydrogen sulfide is defined as Sour Service
• Protection against external corrosion
  Corrosion, in both pipelines and pipeline systems is basically divided into internal and external corrosion
• Corrosion Under Pipe Supports (CUPS)
  CUPS is a serious problem in pipelines and it is important to detect and prevent this corrosion in order to extend the service life of piping systems and ensure safety for everyone
• Ultimate Tensile Strength
  Ultimate tensile strength (or tensile strength for short) is an important property of materials to determine their mechanical performance
• Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC)
  Pipelines and pressure vessels made of carbon steel and low alloy steel can exhibit hydrogen induced cracking hic.
• Piping materials comparison table
  The material comparison table for piping shows most commonly used ASTM grades
• Stainless Steel 316/304 vs 316L/304L
  As American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) basic grades, the only practical difference between 304 / 316 and 304L / 316L is carbon content
• Does Stainless Steel rust?
  Even with impressive properties, stainless steel can and does rust; after all, it is “stainless” and not “stainfree”
• Is Stainless Steel magnetic?
  The answer is neither yes nor no. Some types of stainless steel are magnetic and others are not
• Fabrication of Stainless Steel
  Austenitic stainless steel can be rolled, spun, deep drawn, cold forged, hot forged, or stamped using force and tension
• Inconel® Alloys
  Inconel® is a registered trademark of Special Metals Corporation for a family of austenitic nickel chromium based superalloys
• Monel® Alloys
  Monel® is a group of alloys of nickel (from 52% to 67%) and copper, with small amounts of iron, manganese, carbon and silicon
• Hastelloy® Alloys
  Hastelloy® alloys offer incredible strength and ductility under stress, as well as good formability
• Is Inconel® 625 the same as Nickel 625?
  The chemical properties, mechanical properties and applications are within the same quality standards, so both materials are the same
• What is Titanium? Magnesium
  Titanium is the 9th most common element on Earth and is usually extracted from various minerals in the Earth's crust
• Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN)
  The Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number, also known as “PREN”, is a numerical value calculated based on the mass fraction of certain elements in the metal pren.
• Super Duplex Stainless Steel
  The most common definition of super duplex stainless steel is that it must achieve a PREN (Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number) of at least 40 pren.
• Stellite alloys
  Stellite alloys are a series of cobalt based alloys, with significant amounts of chromium (up to 33%) and tungsten (up to 18%)
• Comparing Material Steel Standards
  “Myth and Methodology when comparing Steel Standards”
• Werkstoffnummers acc. DIN EN 10027/2
  Material designation by Werkstoffnummers is a systematic and standardized method for identifying the specific properties of a material
• List of Chemical Elements
  A list of the 118 chemical elements identified as of 2022
• Chemical Requirements Carbon Alloy Steels
  Used in Piping applications: ASTM A53, ASTM A105, ASTM A106, ASTM A216, ASTM A234
• Chemical Requirements Austenitic Stainless Steels
  Used in Piping applications: ASTM A182, ASTM A312, ASTM A351, ASTM A403
• Density of Metals
  The density of an object is the mass of the object divided by its volume and is characteristic of the material from which the object is made
• Rockwell Hardness Testing
  The Rockwell hardness test method, as defined in ASTM E18, is the most commonly used material hardness test method
• Vickers Hardness Testing
  Vickers hardness testing, also called microhardness testing, is typically used for small parts, thin sections, or or case depth work
• Brinell Hardness Testing
  The Brinell hardness test method is typically used to test materials with a structure or surface too coarse to be tested by any other test method
• Charpy Testing
  A standard Charpy test is performed by machining a 10mm x 10mm x 55mm test piece with a notch cut at the intended breaking point
• Hot Rolled Steel vs Cold Rolled Steel
  The main difference between hot rolled steel and cold rolled steel is in the production process and the resulting properties of the finished products
• Differences between Casting and Forging Steels
  There are several different methods and techniques that can be used in manufacturing a variety of different metal components
• Differences between Cast Iron and Cast Steel
  Cast iron usually refers to gray iron, ductile iron and malleable iron while Cast steel usually refers to normal carbon steel and alloy steel
• Hot Forging
  As a major metal fabrication, forging is a metal forming technique that uses localized forces of compression
• Cold Forging
  Cold forging, unlike hot forging, deforms metal below its recrystallization point ‑ near or at room temperature
• Unified Numbering System (UNS)
  The Unified Numbering System is an alloy designation system widely accepted in American markets uns.
• Differences between Teflon™ and PTFE
  There is NO DIFFERENCE.. They are both exactly the same, the only difference is the name
• What is Chlorine?
  6 pages Chlorine is one of the most popular and most frequently used chemical substances
• Thermal Spray Coating Processes
  Thermal spraying is an industrial coating process in which heated or molten materials are sprayed onto surfaces to create protective layers
• Painting of Industrial Piping Systems
  High quality painting of piping, equipment and structures, is essential to prevent corrosion
• Galvanizing of steel materials
  Galvanizing involves applying a thin coating of zinc to a thicker base metal, helping to shield it from the surrounding environment
• Pickling and Passivation
  Pickling and Passivation are chemical treatments applied to the surface of stainless steel to remove contaminants
• Fireproofing for Petrochemical facilities
  Fireproofing, a passive fire protection measure, refers to the act of making materials or structures more resistant to fire or to those materials
• Cathodic protection
  Cathodic protection (CP) is the supply of direct current to steel objects that are in the ground or water
• Pitting Corrosion
  Pitting corrosion is a cavity, hole, or pit that forms in a small area or spot
• Cold Welding
  Cold welding also known as Thread Galling is a phenomenon that can occur during the tightening ‑ mainly at high speed ‑ of threaded connections
• Nord Stream ‑ Russian gas to Europe
  10 pages The construction of two pipelines, each approximately 1200 kilometers, was an enormous challenge for all the people who worked on it. www.wermac.org have summarized that project, try to give you an impression of what we as people can be perform
• Fossil into Fuels
  10 pages Fossil fuels were formed from the fossilized remains of dead plants and animals that once lived millions of years agofossils
• Fracking
  Fracking is a technique for increasing the permeability of rock so that oil, natural gas or geothermal energy can be extracted more easily
• Hydrocarbons Crude Oil Processing
  Hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms and are the simplest and most basic class of organic compounds
• Piping Tools Videos
  YouTube Videos about Piping Tools
• Articles about Piping Tools
  Often used Tools in Piping
• Funny Images
  Piping related funny images
• Piping related Videos..
  Piping related YouTube videos
• Advertising on wermac
  his website allows you to place one or more advertisements of your company
• Non destructive testing (NDT)
  NDT is a very broad, interdisciplinary field that plays a critical role in ensuring that structural components and systems perform their function in a reliable and cost effective manner ndt. nde. ndi.
• Radiographic Testing (RT)
  Radiographic Testing or X ray or Gamma ray is a non destructive testing method that examines the volume of a specimen x ray.
• Dye Penetrant Inspection (DPI)
  DPI, also called Liquid Penetrant Inspection (LPI) or Penetrant Testing (PT), is one of the oldest and simplists non destructive testing methods
• Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI)
  MPI (often abbreviated MT) is a nondestructive inspection method that provides detection of linear flaws
• Creep testing
  A creep test, also known as a stress relaxation test, is used to determine the degree of deformation a material undergoes over time
• Ultrasonic Testing (UT)
  UT is a method of characterizing the thickness or internal structure of a test piece through the use of high frequency sound waves
• Positive Material Identification (PMI)
  PMI is one of the more specialized non destructive testing methods that can be used to determine the alloy composition of materials
• On Stream Inspection (OSI)
  OSI is a non invasive method for assessing the integrity of pressurized systems (pipes, vessels, tanks) during ongoing operation on stream
• Eddy Current (EC)
  EC or Eddy Current Array (ECA) is a nondestructive testing technology that provides the ability to electronically drive multiple eddy current coils, which are placed side by side in the same probe assembly
• Internal Rotary Inspection System (IRIS)
  IRIS is a technique that can be applied on both ferrous and non ferrous materials and even on non conductive materials like plastics
• Vacuum box testing
  The purpose of the vacuum box technique of bubble leak testing is to detect leaks in a pressure boundary that cannot be directly pressurized
• Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD)
  ToFD is a reliable method of ultrasonic testing that is a highly sensitive and accurate method for non destructive testing tofd.
• Guided Wave Testing (GWT)
  GWT is an NDT method that complements existing NDT methods and is widely used for screening pipelines
• Leak testing of industrial installations
  Leak testing is a procedure used to determine whether an object or system is operating within a specific leakage limit
• Guidelines ‑ Hydrostatic testing
  Hydrostatic testing of pressure piping is a mandatory activity before finalization of any new or modified piping system
• Pressure testing equipment
  Pressure Gauge, Temperature and pressure recorder/receiver, Hydrostatic Test Pumps
• Pressure Testing Piping Systems
  Pressure testing of piping and pipelines should normally be performed with water
• Flange Weld Tester
  The Flange Weld Tester is used to hydrotest the integrity of new welds where a Weld Neck or Slip On flange has been added to a pipeline so flanges
• In Line Weld Testing and Isolation
  In Line weld test tools are commonly used during the maintenance and modification of piping or process equipment
• Pressure testing Codes
  Two codes of major importance for pressure and leak testing is the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) and the ASME B31
• Risks of Pneumatic pressure testing
  Many people do not know or are not realize that a Pneumatic pressure test can be very DANGEROUS
• Safe Distance for Pressure Testing
  Remark(s) of the Author.. A safe distance for pressure testing is difficult or impossible to determine in advance
• Introduction to welding technology
  Welding is a manufacturing process used to join materials, usually metals or thermoplastics
• Welding Procedures and Welder Performance Qualification
  A welded construction applies, quality prescriptions concerning design production and use
• Types of Welding Joints
  Good joint design is based on design specifications described in various welding codes or standards used in professional welding
• Welding Positions
  Welding positions are the different orientations in which it is possible to weld on a particular joint
• Full Penetration Weld
  Full penetration welding is a technique used to create a weld that is stronger and more durable than a partial penetration weld
• Butt Welding and the different types of chamfers
  Butt welding on pipes is special because the welder usually does not have access to the inside of the weld
• Most common welding defects
  The most common welding defects, their causes and solutions
• Health and safety in welding
  Welding is a hazardous activity that exposes workers to health and safety risks
• Welding Glossary
  The welding glossary, acc. The American Welding Society (AWS) standard includes hundreds of terms, which are presented in a condensed and adapted form
• TIG Welding (GTAW)
  Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), also known as Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding became an overnight success in the 1940s for joining magnesium and aluminium tig. gtaw.
• MIG Welding (GMAW)
  Gas metal arc welding (GMAW), or Metal Inert Gas (MIG) welding was first patented in the USA in 1949 for welding aluminium mig. gmaw.
• Electrode Welding (SMAW)
  Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), or manual metal arc welding is commonly called stick welding because the electrodes are flux coated rods of metal resembling sticks
• Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)
  FCAW is a welding method that is somewhat unique compared to Metal Inert Gas welding (MIG)
• Orbital Welding
  When high quality results are required, orbital welding is the first choice for connecting pipes
• Laser Welding of Metals
  Laser welding or Laser Beam Welding (LBW) is a process in which lasers are used to melt the material on the surface of a workpiece
• Laser Brazing
  Laser brazing is a joining process for sheet metal in which the filler material with a low melting point is melted with a laser beam
• Laser Welding of Plastics
  In laser beam transmission welding, a part transparent to the laser and a laser absorbing part are always joined together
• Electrofusion Welding
  Electrofusion welding is a technique for joining thermoplastic pipes using a molded sleeve with an electrical resistance heating coil
• Thermite Welding
  Thermite welding, also called exothermic welding, is a specialized welding process in which metal components are joined using a chemical reaction instead of an external heat source
• Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT)
  PWHT is a heat treatment performed after welding operations
• Back Purging Welds
  Back purging is the process of shielding the inside of the weld with an inert gas to prevent contamination during the welding process
• Welding stainless steel to other steels
  Welding austenitic stainless steel to carbon steel and low alloy steel is a commonly used method in the process and construction industry
• Welding requirements of O‑Let Fittings
  Surveys of small O let connections undertaken as a result of Technical Directive No. 12 have found a number of integrally reinforced branch fittings which were in service with insufficient attachment welds
• Explosion cladding / welding
  Explosion Bonding or Explosion Cladding or Explosion Welding is a technically based industrial welding process
• Golden Weld
  If a weld on pressure equipment cannot be subjected to a pressure test hydrostatic or pneumatic a “Golden Weld” can be made
• American Welding Society (AWS)
  One of the primary goals of the American Welding Society is to develop and publish standards that ensure the quality and safety of welded products
• P Number Group in Welding
  The P number is a classification system used in welding materials based on their similar welding properties
• Definition and Details of Pipe
  Pipes are hollow tubes with a round cross section for transporting products such as liquids, gas, pellets, powders and more
• Nominal Pipe Size
  Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) is a North American set of standard sizes for pipes used for high or low pressures and temperatures nps.
• Types, Lengths, and Ends of Steel Pipes
  Steel pipes are usually divided into 3 groups Seamless Pipes, Longitudinally Welded and Spiral Welded Pipes
• Pipe Beveling
  Pipe beveling is used to create a beveled surface on the end of pipes to gives the welder access to the total thickness of the pipe wall
• Manufacturing Process of Seamless Pipes
  The main seamless pipe manufacturing processes came into being toward the end of the nineteenth century
• Forged Seamless Pipe Manufacturing
  In forging pipes production, a heated billet is placed in a forging die with a diameter slightly larger than the finished pipe
• Manufacturing Process of Longitudinally Welded Pipes
  Longitudinally welded pipes are welded along the length of the pipe and can be produced in two ways
• Manufacturing Process of Spiral Welded Steel Pipes
  Spiral welded pipe is manufactured from coils of steel that are unwound and flattened
• Generic Marking Standards and Requirements for Pipes
  The ASME B31.3 Code requires random examination of materials and components to ensure conformance to listed specifications and standards
• Pressure and Temperature Ratings of pipes
  ASTM A53 grade B, ASTM A106 grade B, API 5L
• General ASTM Material Grades for Pipes
  ASTM standards define the specific manufacturing process of the material and determine the exact chemical composition of pipes, fittings,flanges, valves and stud bolts
• ASTM A106 Pipe Material Specification
  ASTM A106 covers seamless carbon steel pipes for high temperature service in NPS‎‏‎‏ ⅛ to NPS‎‏‎‏ 48
• ASTM A333 Pipe Material Specification
  ASTM A333 standard specification includes seamless and welded carbon and alloy steel pipes of nominal (average) wall thickness
• ASTM A335 Pipe Material Specification
  ASTM A335 is a standard specification for seamless ferritic alloy steel pipes intended for high temperature service
• ASTM A335 grade P5 Characteristics
  7 pages ASTM A335 grades P1,P2,P5,P9, P11, P22, P91 specifications
• Differences between Pipe and Tube
  People use the words pipes and tubes interchangeably, and they think that both are the same
• Piping vs Pipeline
  If someone asks you what the difference is between Piping and Pipeline, chances are you'll be tempted to say they're similar pipes
• Pipe and swage nipples ends
  The article describes the available and different pipe end configurations, the scenarios in which they are most often used swage.
• Internal Lining cladded Pipes (CRA)
  The CRA cladded steel pipe is composed of a conventional carbon steel or low alloy steel pipe and a corrosion resistant alloy layer cladding cra.
• Internal Lining ‑ PTFE lined Pipes and Fittings
  To prevent corrosion e.g. in a pipe system, internal PTFE lining can be applied to steel pipes, elbows, tees, reducers, spacers, valves and other fittings installed in a pipeline
• Internal Lining ‑ Glass lined Pipes
  Glass lined pipes have the same properties and benefits as glass lined vessels and other glass lined components
• Dimensions of Steel Pipes NPS ½‑2
  Carbon and Stainless steel, wall thicknesses STD‑XXS, schedule 5‑160 acc. ASME B36.10 and B36.19 suffix (S), dimensional tolerances for Seamless and Welded Pipes ASTM A530
• Dimensions of Steel Pipes NPS 2.½‑5
  Carbon and Stainless steel, wall thicknesses STD‑XXS, schedule 5‑160 acc. ASME B36.10 and B36.19 suffix (S), dimensional tolerances for Seamless and Welded Pipes ASTM A530
• Dimensions of Steel Pipes NPS 6‑14
  Carbon and Stainless steel, wall thicknesses STD‑XXS, schedule 5‑160 acc. ASME B36.10 and B36.19 suffix (S), dimensional tolerances for Seamless and Welded Pipes ASTM A530
• Dimensions of Steel Pipes NPS 26‑24
  Carbon and Stainless steel, wall thicknesses STD‑XXS, schedule 5‑160 acc. ASME B36.10 and B36.19 suffix (S), dimensional tolerances for Seamless and Welded Pipes ASTM A530
• NPS 26 ‑ NPS 48
  Carbon and Stainless steel, wall thicknesses STD‑XS, schedule 5‑40 acc. ASME B36.10 and B36.19 suffix (S), dimensional tolerances for Seamless and Welded Pipes ASTM A530, Weights are in kilograms p/meter
• Weights of Steel Pipes NPS ½‑24
  5 pages Weights in kg/m acc. ASME B36.10 and B36.19 suffix (S)
• Dimensions and Weights welded and seamless wrought steel pipes NPS ⅛‑80
  11 pages Full version acc. ASME B36.10
  For the specific properties of these carbon steel pipes, see the page(s) themselves
• Dimensions and Weights welded and seamless stainless steel pipes NPS ⅛‑30
  Full version acc. ASME B36.19
  For the specific properties of these stainless steel pipes, see the page(s) themselves
• Dimensions and Weights of Pipes ASTM A53 NPS ⅛‑26
  6 pages for the specific properties of these carbon steel pipes, see the page(s) themselves
• Dimensions Swage nipples (millimeters) NPS ¼‑4
  Swage concentric and eccentric Beveled Ends Threaded Ends Plain Ends acc. MSS SP95 including tolerances
• Dimensions Swage nipples (inches) NPS ¼‑4
  Swageconcentric and eccentric Beveled Ends Threaded Ends Plain Ends acc. MSS SP95 including tolerances
• BWG ‑ Birmingham Wire Gauge
  3 pages The Birmingham gauge is a wire gauge system, and is also used to specify thickness or diameter of tube products
• OCTG tubular products
  OCTG, Oil Country Tubular Goods, are essential components of the oil and gas industry
• Copper tubes
  Copper tubes are widely used in plumbing systems because of their excellent properties and many benefits
• Coiled Tubing
  In the oil and gas industry, the term Coiled Tubing (CT) refers to a very long metal tube, typically 1 to 3.25 inches in diameter
• HDPE Pipes and Fittings
  3 pages HDPE is a commonly used type of plastic made from ethylene and has a relatively high density
• Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics (FRP)
  In recent years, FRP has been widely used in process, water and chemical industries due to their high resistance to corrosion
• Differences ‑ GRE pipe and GRP pipe
  The main difference between the two is in the resin used to bond the fiberglass while GRE uses epoxy resin, and GRP pipes use isophthalic resin
• Subsea methods for pipeline‎‏ laying
  The most common subsea installation methods are the S‑Lay, J‑Lay, and Reel‑Lay methods
• Jacketed Piping
  In the language of processing systems, jacketed pipes are essentially pipes within pipes
• Pressure Drop
  Pressure Drop is the difference in total pressure between two points in a piping system
• Sealing of Pipeline Penetrations
  It is believed that sealing of pipe penetrations dates back to the time of the Vikings
• DENSO and Pipelines
  “DENSO” is the specialist for passive corrosion protection and repair systems that extend the service life of pipelines
• ASME Organization
  ASME is an acronym for the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, an organization dedicated to the advancement and application of mechanical engineering asme.
• ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
  The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) is an American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) standard that provides rules for the design, fabrication, and inspection of boilers and pressure vessels
• ASME B31 ‑ Pressure Piping
  ASME B31, Code for Pressure Piping, is a standard developed, published and maintained by ASME
• ASME B31.1 ‑ Power Piping
  ASME B31.1 prescribes requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, erection, examination, testing, inspection, operation, and maintenance of piping systems
• ASME B31.3 ‑ Process Piping
  Process Piping is the piping that convey fluids under pressure or vacuum within the limits of a Petroleum refinery, Chemical plant, Gas Processing plant, Pharmaceutical, Textile, Paper, Semiconductor and Cryogenic plants
• ASME ‑ Pressure–Temperature Ratings
  Table 2‑1.1 / 2‑1.2 Pressure Temperature Ratings for Group 1.1 / 1.2 Materials
• ASME B31.3 Fluid Service Categories
  ASME B31.3 Fluid Service Categories are a set of criteria used to classify piping systems based on the hazard potential of the fluid being transported
• Most common ASME standards defined on wermac.org
  ASME B16.10, ASME B16.11, ASME B16.20, ASME B16.21, ASME B16.25, ASME B16.28 and more
• ASME certification
  To become ASME certified, a company must go through a 6 month process to ensure that every operation complies with the code and is performed to the highest standards
• ANSI Organization
  The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is popular and widely known in various industries for its role in setting and promoting standards that ensure consistency, quality and safety
• ANSI B16 or ASME B16 or both
  For example, many years ago there was an ANSI B16.5 standard. In 1988 the standard became ANSI/ASME B16.5 and in 1996 the standard became ASME B16.5
• ASTM Organization
  Organized in 1898, the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is one of the world's largest international standards developing organizations astm.
• ASTM standards for steel pipes, tubes and fittings
  The group of ASTM standard specifications covers various types of steel pipes, tubes and fittings for high temperature service, ordinary use and special applications such as fire protection use
• ASTM standards for steel castings and forgings
  The group of ASTM specifications covers standard properties of steel and iron castings and forgings for valves, flanges, fittings, and other pressure containing parts for high temperature and low temperature service
• ASTM standards for steel plate, sheet, strip and wire
  overview of the standards
• Most common ASTM standards defined on wermac
  STM A53, STM A105, STM A106, STM A182, STM A193, STM A194, STM A216, STM A217 and more
• ASTM Paint and related Coating Standards
  6 pages ASTM paint and related coating standards are instrumental in specifying and evaluating the physical and chemical properties of various paints and coatings
• ASTM ‑ Non Destructive Testing (NDT) Standards
  The ASTM Standards for Non Destructive Testing provide guidance on appropriate methods and techniques to detect and evaluate defects in materials
• ASTM A53 Pipe
  ASTM A53 is one of the most widely used material standards for steel pipes used in the oil and gas and other process industries
• MSS SP75 High Strength, Wrought, Butt Welding Fittings Standard
  The standard practice covers factory made, seamless and electric welded carbon and low alloy steel, butt welding fittings for use in high pressure gas and oil transmission
• Dimensions MSS SP75
  5 pagesElbows LR 45°‑90°, Reducers Con.Ecc., Straight Tees, Reducing Tees, Caps
• API Organization
  The American Petroleum Institute (API) is the only national trade association that represents all aspects of America's oil and natural gas industry api.
• API ‑ Valve Standards
  API STD 520, API RP 520, API STD 526, API STD 527, API RP 574, API RP 576, API STD 594 and more
• Dimensions and Weights API 600 Gate valves
  Face to face Dimensions Raised Face and Butt Weld ends Pressure classes 150‑2500
• Fitness for Service
  Fitness for Service (FFS) assessments help determine if equipment is safe and fit for continued operation
• Wellhead and Christmas Tree
  Wellheads and Christmas trees are crucial, distinct components in oil and gas wells
• Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association (TEMA)
  TEMA heat exchangers are shell and tube heat exchangers manufactured in accordance to the TEMA standards, which specify the design of the heat exchangers and the tolerances for machining and installation tema.
• American Institute of Chemical Engineers (AIChE)
  AIChE is a professional organization for chemical engineers. AIChE was founded in 1908 to distinguish chemical engineers as professionals independent of chemical and mechanical engineers aiche.
• AWWA Organization
  The American Water Works Association (AWWA) is an international nonprofit professional organization dedicated to improving drinking water quality and supply awwa.
• AWWA and their Standards
  4 pages Pipe and Accessories Standards AWWA C200, AWWA C207, AWWA C208, AWWA C228,
• AWWA C200 Pipes Standard
  AWWA C200 Pipe Standard covers electrically butt welded straight seam, spiral seam and seamless pipe with a nominal diameter of NPS‎‏ 6 (150‎‏ mm) and larger
• AWWA Flanges
  AWWA flanges fall under standards such as C207 and C228, which govern the design, manufacture and application of flanges in water systems
• AWWA C208 Pipe Fittings Standard
  AWWA C208 covers various types of fittings and addresses different configurations, including tees, cross pieces, wyes, laterals and reducers
• Dimensions AWWA C207 Carbon Steel flanges
  Carbon Steel Ring Flanges C207, Carbon Steel Hub Ring Flanges C207, Carbon Steel Blind Flanges C207
• Dimensions AWWA C228 Stainless Steel Flanges
  Stainless Steel Ring Flanges C228, Stainless Steel Blind Flanges C228
• Canadian Standards Association (CSA)
  CSA is a non profit standards organization that develops standards in 57 areas. CSA publishes standards in printed and electronic form and provides training and advisory services
• CSA Piping related standards
  CSA (Canadian Standards Association) is accredited by the Standards Council of Canada, a government agency that promotes efficient and effective standardization in Canada csa.
• Canadian Registration Number
  The Canadian Registration Number (CRN) is a number assigned to a part (fitting), equipment or piping system by each province or territory of Canada crn.
• American Welding Society (AWS)
  What every Welder needs to know about the American Welding Society aws.
• National Association of Colleges and Employers (NACE)
  NACE is a standards developer recognized worldwide as the leading authority on corrosion control solutions nace.
• National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
  The mission of the NFPA is to reduce the global burden of fire and other hazards nfpa.
• NFPA standards
  List of National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standards and Codes
• German Institute for Standardization (DIN)
  By agreement with the German Federal Government, DIN is the acknowledged national standards body that represents German interests in European and international standards organizations din.
• New and Old DIN Designations
  Over the years, many DIN standards were integrated into the ISO standards, and thus also a part of the EN standards
• ISO 9001 certification
  International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
  ISO 9001 is recognized worldwide, and by achieving the standard you demonstrate that your products and services are of certain quality iso.
• EN 10204 Certificate types
  The definitions of material tests and certificate types in DIN 50049 were adopted by European standard EN 10204, first published in 1991 as certificate types 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1A, 3.1B, 3.1C and 3.2.
• Dimensions (Metric) Weld Neck Flanges
  10 pages WN type 11 Pressure classes PN10 PN16 PN25 PN40 PN63 PN100 PN160 PN250 PN320 PN400, DN 10‑3000 including metric Hex ‎‏bolts, acc. DIN EN 1092/1
• Pressure Equipment Directive (PED)
  The European Pressure Equipment Directive (PED) is similar to the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code in that it provides requirements for certain pressure equipment ped.
• PED vs ASME for Pressure Vessels
  The article provides a brief overview of the key differences between PED and ASME standards regarding materials, welding, and testing and inspection ped.
• RAL colors
  RAL is a coding system to define colors of coatings, among other things. The system was developed in Germany in 1927 and stands for.. Reichs Ausschuss für Lieferbedingungen ral.
• Lokring technology
  Lokring is a mechanical method for producing permanent weld equivalent pipe connections
• G‑Range Pipe Connectors in high Pressure Applications
  The G Range pipe connection offers significant benefits for use in industrial plant in a wide variety of applications
• Victaulic pipe joining systems
  Victaulic provides products for Fire Protection, Data Centers, Shipbuilding, Commercial Buildings, Mining, BioFuels, and Industrial Manufacturing
• Cam Lock and Chicago couplings
  Cam Lock Fittings allow for quick, secure connections of hoses to tanks or other hoses
  Chicago Couplings are most commonly used on hose lines connecting pneumatic tools to a compressed air reference(s)
• Liquid Samplers in chemistry and petrochemistry industry
  In industry, liquid samples and process measurements are often required, which are usually performed with Liquid Samplers
• Orifice Plates
  Orifice plates are one of the most popular devices for the measurement and control of fluid flow
• Orifice Plates for Flow Measurement and Flow Restriction
  3 pages Orifice Plates General, dimensions Square Edge Orifice Plates, dimensions Restriction Orifice Plates
• Strainer ‑ Y Type and Basket
  Strainers are important components of piping systems to protect equipment from potential damage due to dirt and other particles that may be carried by the process fluid
• Flexible Metal Hoses
  The main advantage of flexible metal hoses is their flexibility, because they can bend and twist without breaking
• Expansion Joints (Bellows) in Piping Systems
  Expansion joints are used in piping systems to absorb thermal expansion or terminal movement where the use of expansion loops is undesirable or impractical
• Hinged Metal Expansion Joints
  Hinges are mounted to limit the expansion joint to absorb movements in only one plane in the hinged metal expansion joints
• Level Measurement by Level Indicators (Gauges)
  Level indicators are devices used in the measurement of level of fluids at various industrial applications
• Sight Glasses
  A sight glass, also called a control or inspection device, is a window in a pipe, vessel, tank or silo for visually observing the presence, flow or level of a medium
• Pressure gauges Liquid and Dry types
  Pressure gauges are essential instruments for measuring and monitoring liquid or gas pressure in various industries and applications
• Gauge Pressure
  Gauge pressure refers to normal atmospheric pressure and describes the deviation of the pressure from standard atmospheric pressure and can be measured in various ways, including BAR and PSI
• Temperature Measurement by Thermowell
  Thermowell is a pressure tight receptacle designed to accept a temperature sensing element and provide a means to insert that element into a vessel or pipe
• Pressure Switches
  A pressure switch is a mechanical or electronic device that is activated when the pressure of the process fluid reaches a certain threshold or set point
• Access Fittings
  Access fittings provide access to systems under full operating pressure up to 500bar
• Instrument Air
  The most common application for instrument air is in the oil and gas industry, and plays a crucial role in achieving safety, efficiency and reliability in various operations
• Compression Fittings
  Compression fittings are one of the most common and versatile methods of joining small diameter metal or hard plastic tubing
• Process instruments in Oil and Gas
  Process instruments are essential components of any oil and gas operation, because they are used to measure and monitor various aspects of the production process
• Pipe Flow Measurement by Orifice Plates
  Measurement of the flow rate of a fluid flowing under pressure is carried out for a variety of purposes
• Pipe Flow Measurement by Venturi Flow Meters
  The principle behind the operation of the Venturi flowmeter is the Bernoulli effect
• Pipe Flow Measurement by Flow Nozzles
  Flow nozzles are often used in flow measurement due to their reliable performance and tolerance to extremes in process and environmental conditions
• Coriolis Mass Flowmeter
  The Coriolis type of flowmeter is based on the so called Coriolis effect, named after the discoverer of this phenomenon, Gaspard Gustave Coriolis
• Magnetic Flowmeter
  Magnetic flow meters use the Faraday law of electromagnetic induction to determine the velocity of a fluid flowing in a pipe
• Turbine Flowmeters
  Turbine flow meters work by using the energy of the fluid flowing through them to move a rotor in the water or other fluid flowing through it
• Vortex Flowmeters
  The operation of Vortex Flowmeters is based on the analysis of vortex shedding that occurs when a flow passes through an obstacle
• Ultrasonic Flowmeter
  Ultrasonic flowmeters measure the flow of a liquid or gas by sending ultrasonic waves through a pipe
• Thermal Mass Flowmeters
  A thermal mass flow meter obtains the thermal mass directly, using the normal density of the gas as a basis to calculate the volumetric flow rate
• Reinforced Branch Connection Set On type
  Where a Reinforced Branch Connections are required?
• Stub in and Stub on connections in Piping systems
  Stub in and Stub on connections are two essential techniques used in the pipeline industry to safely connect pipes together
• Hot Tapping and Line Stopping
  Hot Taps or Hot Tapping is the ability to safely tie into a pressurized system, by drilling or cutting, while it is on stream and under pressure
• Image presentation about Hot Tapping and Line Stopping
  2 pages A Hot Tap start with a Split Tee or customer specification
  Line Stopping can start with a Size on Size line stop fitting with completion plug
• Cutter Sizes Hot Tapping through Gate Valves
  IMPORTANT: If you plan to make a Hot Tap, let the supplier confirm the maximum bore of the valve
• Methods of Pipeline repair and other Equipment
  3 pages When a defect or anomaly is discovered in a pipeline that threatens the integrity of that pipeline, a repair must be made using techniques that restore the pipeline to the original design specification
• Pipeline pigging
  Pipeline Pigging refers to the practice of using devices or implements known as “PIG's” to perform various cleaning, clearing, maintenance, inspection, dimensioning, process and pipeline testing operations on new and existing pipelines
• Catalyst handling
  Catalyst processing is the removal of old catalyst and loading of new catalyst into a reactor or processing unit in an oil refinery or chemical plant
• Catspider™
  The Catspider™ is the future of vessel servicing and maintenance, designed and manufactured by Contract Resources innovation team
• Hot Bolting
  Hot Bolting is the sequential removal, cleaning and replacement of bolts in a flanged joint, while the system is pressurized
• Leak Repair Clamps
  With Repair clamps leaks can be fixed without interrupting normal business operations. The methods are non destructive, preserving equipment integrity and longevity
• Pipe and Tube Bending
  Tube bending methods are mainly classified into two types ‑ Hot tube bending and Cold tube bending
• Pipeline Freezing
  Pipe line freezing is a temporary method of insulating piping systems in which a freeze plug is made in the piping system
• Cold Cutting
  Cold cutting is a procedure for cutting material without using heat
• Oxygen cutting
  Oxygen cutting is one of the most popular methods used for processing steel
• Plasma Cutting
  Due to the extremely high cutting speeds and the narrow heat affected zone, plasma cutting is now also used for cutting unalloyed and low alloy steel
• Water Jet Cutting
  Waterjet cutting technology has been harnessing the power of water since the beginning of the 20th century
• On site machining (In situ)
  On site machining allowing repairs and maintenance to be performed directly on site without the need to move heavy components to a remote machine shop
• Rope Access
  The primary purpose of rope access is to give workers access to hard to reach areas without scaffolding, wires or aerial platforms
• Marine Loading Arms
  Marine Loading Arms or Ship loading arms are used for loading and unloading sea and inland waterway vessels jetty
• Steam.. The energy fluid
  Steam is the gas formed when water passes from the liquid to the gaseous state. At the molecular level, this is when H²O molecules manage to break free from the bonds (i.e. hydrogen bonds) keeping them together
• The Boiler House
  The boiler is the heart of the steam system. The typical modern packaged boiler is powered by a burner which sends heat into the boiler tubes
• Properties of Steam
  A better understanding of the properties of steam may be achieved by understanding the general molecular and atomic structure of matter, and applying this knowledge to ice, water and steam
• Properties of Condensate
  Steam that has been condensed back into water by either raising its pressure or lowering its temperature
• Steam Traps
  A steam trap quite literally “purges” condensate, (as well as air and other incondensable gases), out of the system
• Types of Steam Traps (1)
  Thermostatic Steam Trap, Liquid expansion steam trap, Balanced pressure steam trap, Bimetallic steam trap
• Types of Steam Traps (2)
  Ball float steam trap, Inverted bucket steam trap
• Types of Steam Traps (3)
  Thermodynamic Steam Trap, Impulse steam trap, Labyrinth steam trap
• Types of Steam Traps (4)
  Orifice Plate Steam Trap, Venturi Orifice Design
• Drip Legs in Steam Piping
  Drip Legs are vertical pipe pockets along the main steam line where condensate is collected for drainage from the system
• Exhaust Vapor Condenser
  The Exhaust Vapor Condenser (EVC), a reliable and innovative heat exchanger that is environmentally friendly and has proven to provide efficient payback within short periods of time
• Steam distribution system
  An efficient steam distribution system is essential if steam of the right quality and pressure is to be supplied
• Steam System Design pipes and pipe sizing
  Pipe sizing is a crucial aspect of steam system design
• Steam System Expansion
  Any steam system must be fully supported, able to expand during operation and sufficiently flexible to allow movement as a result
• Properties for Saturated Steam
  Steam tables by spiraxsarco.com
• Intro to Steel
  From Iron to Steel
• Steel making
  To produce steel, facilities use one of two processes.. the basic oxygen furnace (BOF) or the electric arc furnace (EAF)
• Green Steel
  Green steel is the manufacturing of steel without the use of non-renewable energy sources hydrocarbons
• Mild Steel
  “Low carbon steel” is another name for mild steel, while other carbon steels, can have different carbon contents
• Pipe Racks
  PIPE RACKS OR PIPE BRIDGES are structures designed and built specifically to support multiple pipes where adequate structure is not available
• Pipeline Sleepers
  In the context of oil and gas, pipe sleepers are structural supports at nearly level, designed specifically to support horizontal pipelines
• HE..beams in steel structures
  Steel Beams, described in the article, are construction elements widely used in industry, and are known for their high strength, structure and mechanical properties
• IPE and IPN Profiles in steel structures
  IPE and IPN Profiles are construction elements widely used in industry, and are known for their high strength, structure and mechanical properties
• UNP, UPE, Tee and Angle Profiles used in steel structures
  The areas of application for all of the above profiles are very diverse. The petrochemical industry is a major customer for the manufacture of pipe supports and many other applications, but they are also used in construction for storage racks and bulk shelving, etc.
• Pipe Supports general
  Pipe is held either from above by hangers or supports of various types on which it rests. Hangers are also referred to as supports
• Pipe Supports ‑ manufacturing terms
  It is essential to understand the terms used in the pipeline industry to describe pipe supports. Many terms are often used interchangeably, so it is important to use them consistently
• Parts of Pipe Supports
  On the page are the most common standard pipe supports specified, but there are many more standards available. MSS SP58 for instance has more then 60 standard Support Types
• Maximum span between Pipe Supports
  Pipe size relates to the maximum allowable span between pipe supports. Span is a function of the weight that the supports must carry
• Pipe restraint supports
  A restraint is, by definition, a structural element used to limit the thermal movement of a piping system
• External corrosion
  Protection against external corrosion of pipelines UNDER pipe supports
• Turnbuckle
  A Turnbuckle, also known as a stretching screw or bottle screw, is defined as a device for adjusting the tension or length of ropes, cables, tie rods and other tensioning systems
• Roller supports
  Roller supports are designed to support pipes in applications where horizontal movement due to expansion and contraction occurs
• Dynamic Spring Supports
  There are different types of dynamic or flexible supports, each designed for its own purpose
• Snubber Supports
  Snubbers are restraints used to control the movement of pipelines and equipment during abnormal dynamic conditions
• Cryogenic Supports
  Cryogenic pipeline supports, often called Cold Shoes, are common components of low temperature pipelines
• Variable and Constant spring supports
  Variable spring supports are used for pipes with limited vertical movement. Constant spring supports provide a uniform, unchanging force during vertical movement
• Dimensions of Steel profiles HEA
  Dimensions acc. NEN‑EN 10025‑1/2
• Dimensions of Steel profiles HEB
  Dimensions acc. NEN‑EN 10025‑1/2
• Dimensions of Steel profiles HEM
  Dimensions acc. NEN‑EN 10025‑1/2
• Dimensions of Steel profiles IPE / INP
  Dimensions acc. NEN‑EN 10025‑1/2
• Dimensions of Steel profiles UNP / UPE
  Dimensions acc. NEN‑EN 10025‑1/2
• Dimensions of Steel profiles Tee
  Dimensions acc. NEN‑EN 10025‑1/2
• Dimensions of Steel profiles Angle equal
  Dimensions acc. NEN‑EN 10025‑1/2
• Dimensions of Steel profiles Angle unequal
  Dimensions acc. NEN‑EN 10025‑1/2
• Dimensions of Steel profiles Round / Square
  Dimensions acc. NEN‑EN 10025‑1/2
• Dimensions of Steel profiles Flat
  Dimensions acc. NEN‑EN 10025‑1/2
• Hollow Structural Section
  Hollow Structural Sections (HSS) are steel sections in various shapes, such as round (CHS), square (SHS) and rectangular (RHS)
• Dimensions and Weights for HSS
  3 pagesDimensions and Weights ‑ Hollow Structural Sections
• Floor gratings
  Floor gratings are often seen as a superior alternative to flat surfaces
• CorTen steel
  CorTen steel is characterized by its rust brown color and offers good resistance to corrosion
• Sheet Steel Gauge
  When working with sheet metal, the term “gauge or gage” is often used, and is used to indicate the thickness of a metal sheet
• The steel industry's language
  The glossary should help to better understand the terminology used in the Steel‎‏ Industry
• AISI
  The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) is a trading association of North American steel manufacturers
• Steel Casting
  Steel casting is a method that uses different types of steel
• Metal Aging
  Aging of metals is one of the most common ways to change the properties of a metal alloy
• Steel Bloom
  A bloom is a semi finished product produced by a continuous casting process
• Steel Billet
  Steel, made fresh and still shaped like a rectangle or metal bar, is called a steel billet
• Steel Ingot
  An ingot is a cast metal that comes in a specific shape that is easy to transport and store
• Breather Valve
  Breather Valves, also known as direct acting Pressure/Vacuum Relief Valves, are special types of Relief Valves which are specifically designed for tank protection
• Air Valve
  Air valves ensure proper flow of water and wastewater, and essentially allow a system to breathe when necessary
• Orbit Valve
  ORBIT valves incorporates a proven tilt and turn operation that eliminates seal rubbing, which is the primary cause of valve failure
• Knife Gate Valve
  Knife valves are designed to operate under the harshest conditions, with a sharpened blade to cut through heavy liquids
• Trunnion mounted Ball valve
  Trunnion mounted ball valves are types of quarter turn valves in which the ball is fixed (anchored) by mechanical supports, called trunnions
• Pressure Relief Valve
  The primary purpose of pressure Relief Valves is protection of life and property by venting fluid from an overpressurized vessel
• Solenoid Valve
  Solenoid valves operate using an electromagnetic solenoid coil to change the state of a valve from open to closed, or vice versa
• Emergency Shutdown Valve
  Emergency shut off valves (ESVs) act as a safeguard against exceeding the set pressure
• Pressure Reducing Valve
  Pressure reducing valves (PRVs) automatically adjust the degree of valve opening so that the pressure remains unchanged even as the flow rate fluctuates
• Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV), Pressure Relief Valve, (PRV), Pressure Safety Valve (PSV)
  Each valve have different functions, but are often confused by some people. If you look at the abbreviations, that is not really surprising.
• Control Valves
  The most common final control element in the process control industries is the control valve. The control valve manipulates a flowing fluid to compensate for the load disturbance and keep the regulated process variable
• Bubble Tight Valve
  Bubble tight valves do not pass bubbles when they are completely closed
• Bypass Valve
  Bypass valves are mounted in a so called bypass loop that allows an instrument, control valve or other device to be bypassed
• Cryogenic valve
  As its name suggests, cryogenic valves are designed to be used in very cold applications
• Fire Safe valve
  Fire safe valves are specialized valves designed to prevent liquids and gases from escaping in the event of a fire
• Parallel slide gate valve
  Parallel Slide Gate Valves iare special designed valves as an alternative to the traditional flexible wedge shaped valves
• Slab Gate Valve
  Slab Gate Valves also named “Through Conduit Gate Valves” are very useful in transportation pipe lines for gas, crude oil and oil products
• Flush Mounted Valve
  Flush Mounted valves are custom made to exact tolerances for use in specialized processes with often challenging operating conditions
• ARV or ARC Valve
  ARV valve stands for Automatic Recirculation Valve and the primary purpose of that valves is to ensure that a pre determined minimum flow is assured through a centrifugal pump at all times
• Needle Valve
  Needle Valves are used to make relatively fine adjustments in the amount of fluid flow
• Needle Valve Manifolds
  Needle valve manifolds integrate several valves into a common, single housing
• Diaphragm Valve
  Diaphragm valves are used on shut off and throttling service for liquids, slurries and vacuum/gas, and it is a quick opening valve
• Diverter Valve
  Diverter valves are used to divert product flow from one inlet to multiple outlets
• Pinch Valves
  A pinch valve consists of a rubber sleeve, which is the only part of the valve that comes into contact with the water, and prevents the other parts from becoming contaminated
• Wafer Check Valve
  Wafer check valves are in line pipe valves used to control the direction of flow of fluids and reduce or completely prevent potential backflow in piping systems
• Choke Valves
  The Choke Valve is designed to reduce the flow rate by creating a restriction in the pipeline
• Blowout Preventer (BOP)
  A Blowout Preventer is a critical safety valve device used in high pressure drilling operations, particularly in the oil and gas industry bop. valves
• Double Block and Bleed (DBB)
  The primary function of a double block and bleed (valves)system is for isolation and the secondary function is for intervention dbb.
• True Meaning of DBB
  API 6D defines a double block and bleed valve (DBB) as a “single valve with two seating surfaces that, in the closed position, provides a seal against pressure from both ends of the valve with a means of venting / bleeding the cavity between the seating surfaces” dbb.
• ASTM Casting Materials overview
• Pressure and Temperature ratings of Valves
  most common ASTM materials
• Leak testing of Valves
  acc.:
  American Petroleum Institute (API), Manufacturer's Standardisation Society (MSS), American National Standards Institute (ANSI), International organization for standardization (ISO),
• Valve Interlock System
  A valve interlock is a trapped key lock assembly which locks the valve in one or two positions
• Valve Car Seal
  Car seals are simple devices used to lock or “seal” valves in the open or closed position to prevent unauthorized operation of the valve
• Valve Actuators
  Types of actuators are: include manual handwheel, manual lever, electrical motor, pneumatic, solenoid, hydraulic piston, and self actuated
• Rupture Disks
  A rupture disk is a device designed to function by the bursting of a pressure retaining disk
• Glossary of Valve‎‏ Terms overview
• Horse Whisperer
  If there are Horse Whisperers, there must also a Valve Whisperer...or not?
• Face to Face dimensions of flanged valves
  6 pages Dimensions NPS ½‑36, Pressure classes 150‑2500, acc. ASME B16.10
• End to End dimensions of Buttwelding valves
  6 pages Dimensions NPS ½‑24, Pressure classes 150‑2500, acc. ASME B16.10
• Dimensions flanged Triple Offset Butterfly Valves
  Dimensions for Long and Short pattern, NPS 3‑24, Pressure classes 150‑600
• Face to Face Dimensions Wafer Check Valves
  4pages Dimensions NPS 2‑48, Pressure classes 150‑2500, Types: Dual and Single Plate, Dual Plate Lug, Dual Plate Double flanged, acc. API Std 594
• Minimum Bore Dimensions for Full Bore Ball Valves
  The chart gives the minimum bore dimensions of full bore ball valves acc. API SPEC 6D
• Weights of Gate valves, Globe valves and Check valves
  3 pages  NB! Use tables as a guidance only; weights may vary from different manufactures nb
• Safety
  Emergency Showers and Eyewash Stations
  They are designed to wash people off in the event of a chemical emergency, such as when chemicals splash on the skin or into the eyes
• Safety
  Potable water
  Potable water is (Drinking) water that is safe for human consumption because it meets certain quality standards
• Internal Lining ‑ Cement mortar lined Pipes
  Cemented mortars are worldwide the most commonly used corrosion protective linings for steel pipes transporting potable water and wastewater
• Japanese Industrial Standards
  JIS is a series of standards used in Japan for industrial activities, covering a wide range of products and services, from metals and plastics to textiles and machinery jis.
• Spectacle Blinds Ring Type Joint (RTJ)
  Unlike a raised face (RF) flange connection, an RTJ flange connection is a metal⁃to⁃metal seal where a metal ring is placed between two RTJ flanges and this ring is compressed during the tightening of the flanges rtj.
• ASTM Material Groups
  ASTM group tables list metals by group, such as forgings, castings or sheets
• Difference between ASTM A and ASME SA
  The ASME code accepts the ASTM materials with some additional properties specified in the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code astm a. asme sa.
• ASTM Material Groups
  ASTM group tables list metals by group, such as forgings, castings or sheets
• ASTM A... or ASME SA...
  Adopted ASTM specifications by ASME listed by materials asme sa. astm a.
• MSS Organization
  Officially founded in 1924, the Manufacturers Standardization Society (MSS) of the Valve and Fittings Industry mss.
• ASME B31Q Pipeline Personnel Qualification
  The ASME B31Q Task List courses are specialized training and assessment programs designed to meet the requirements for the qualification of pipeline operators (OQ) b31q.
• MAG welding (GMAW)
  MAG stands for “Metal Active Gas” welding and is an arc welding process in which a continuous metal wire is used as an electrode mag. gmaw.
• MAOP
  MAOP stands for Maximum Allowable Operating Pressure and is a fundamental principle that ensures the safety and integrity of pipeline systems maop.
• JIS G3452 Pipe Standard
  JIS G3452 is one of the Japanese industrial standards for carbon steel pipes. It describes the pipes used in piping systems for the transport of steam, water, oil, gas, air, and other liquids, and are intended for low operating pressures g3452. jis.
• JIS G3455 Pipe Standard
  JIS G3455 is a well-known Japanese industrial standard that establishes specifications for carbon steel pipes used for high-pressure applications at temperatures of 350°C or lower g3455. jis.
• JIS piping related standards
  Existing JIS standards are reviewed and revised every five years. Once a new or revised draft JIS standard has been prepared, JISC posts these draft standards for a sixty-day public comment period jis.
• Liquefied natural gas (LNG)
  LNG is natural gas that has been cooled to -162°C (-260°F), changing it from a gas into a liquid that is 1/600th of its original volume. This dramatic reduction allows it to be shipped safely and efficiently aboard specially designed LNG vessels lng.
• JIS B2220 flange standard
  JIS B2220 is the Japanese industrial standard for steel pipe flanges and defines dimensions, pressure ratings, materials, and marking requirements for flanges used in Japanese installations and numerous projects throughout Asia jis. B2220.
• JIS components in piping systems
  When comparing JIS and e.g. ASME, the differences turn out not to be particularly significant. Pipe sizes are virtually identical, and most other components are the same as other industry standards jis.
• World’s Largest Wedge Gate Valve
  The largest wedge gate valve was produced by Orion, Commissioned by Hyundai for a project of Aramco and Total
• Oil and Gas exploration
  A variety of technologies are employed in the oil and gas industry to identify oil and gas reserves, to access those reserves, and to extract and deliver the products onshore seismology offshore wells logging fossils
• Oil and Gas extraction
  Details about oil drilling pumpjack nodding donkey drilling muds blowout preventer bop bob blind shear ram cuts drill pipe platforms depth eirik raude bits slant directional fossils
• ransport and Storage of Crude Oil and Natural Gas
  Before the refining process can take place, first the crude oil must be transported to a refinery Marine Tankers and Barges Supertankers oil LNG LPG vessels Liquid Petroleum Terminals bulk plants farms fossils
• Petroleum Refining Processes
  We all know that petroleum fuels and lubricants come from crude oil. What many people do not realise is that crude oil is also the starting point for many diverse products such as clothes, medical equipment, electronics, vitamin capsules and tyres separation conversion purification distillation tower naphtha fossils
• Facts from the Oil Industry fossils
  Detailed summary about Crude oil brent blend russian export west texas intermediate barrel crude oil glossary fossils
• Current Crude Oil prices
  West Texas Intermediate, the US benchmark crude oil, is a light, sweet crude oil with an API gravity of approximately 40 and a sulfur content of approximately 0.3%. The spot price of West Texas Intermediate is reported at Cushing, Oklahoma fossils wti brent blend
• Proved Global Oil Reserves
  Generally taken to be those quantities that geological and engineering information indicates with reasonable certainty can be recovered in the future from known reservoirs under existing economic and operating conditions fossils
• Proved Natural Gas Reserves
  Graphics of global Natural Gas Reserves-to-production (R/P) ratios fossils fossils
• The End of the Oil Age
  In recent years a lot has changed in terms of oil industry, and alternatives to fossil fuels fossils
• Nord Stream - Preparation for pipe laying
  The Nord Stream Pipeline route through the Baltic Sea is the most direct connection between the vast gas reserves in Russia and markets in the European Union
• Nord Stream - Pipeline Manufacturing of Large Steel Components
  The project start an extensive qualification program for pipe mills and other suppliers of materials. Only very few of the large diameter pipe mills in the world could prove that they had a sufficient track record
• Nord Stream - Logistics by the Numbers
  The aim of Nord Stream's logistics concept was to supply the materials needed in an efficient, timely and thereby cost efficient manner and to minimise impacts on the sensitive ecosystem of the Baltic Sea. Low-emission means of transportation such as ships and trains were used
• Nord Stream - Pipe Laying Vessel - Castoro Sei
  The Castoro Sei provides a safe, reliable and stable operating platform capable of laying subsea pipelines up to 60 inches in diameter, with additional facilities for offshore construction works and floted capability
• Nord Stream - Pipe Laying Vessel - Castoro Dieci
  The Castoro 10 is a working ship of the greatest Italian offshore service provider Saipem, a former subsidiary of the energy company Eni. Built in the Dutch shipyard Nederlandse Scheepsbouw in 1976
• Nord Stream - Pipe Laying Vessel - Solitaire
  Solitaire is the largest pipelaying vessel in the world and has set new standards in the pipelay industry
• Nord Stream - Pipelaying Processes
  Prior to construction, the seabed was thoroughly surveyed to ensure safe pipe laying. Where necessary, touch down monitoring with an remotely operated vehicle (ROV) was used to confirm that the pipeline is laid in exactly the right position. As-laid and as-built surveys confirm the pipeline position
• Nord Stream - Tie-Ins and Hyperbaric welding
  All hyperbaric tie-in activities were handled from the Skandi Arctic dive support vessel
• Nord Stream - Pre-Commissioning and Pressure Testing
  In September 2011, the pre-commissioning of the Nord Stream Line 1 was completed ahead of schedule. Line 2 pre-commissioning was completed one year later
• Camprofile gaskets in Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers
  A semi-metallic gasket that is becoming increasingly popular in heat exchanger applications is the Camprofile gasket kamm kammprofile
• Miter Bends
  Miter bends are not standard fittings, but are custom-made for piping systems by companies with extensive experience and skilled pipefittters gores
• The Delhi metro
  The Delhi Metro is an underground railway serving Delhi in North India, a city with nearly 34 million inhabitants
• Hormuz Strait
  The Strait of Hormuz is a narrow strait that separates the Arabian Peninsula and Iran and connects the Persian Gulf with the Gulf of Oman and the Arabian Sea
• The Suez Canal
  The Suez Canal in Egypt is a man-made, sea-level waterway in northeastern Egypt that connects the African continent with Asia
• The Panama Canal
  The Panama Canal is an 82 kilometer (51 miles) long artificial waterway that runs straight through Panama and connects the Caribbean Sea with the Pacific Ocean
• Bailong Elevator
  The Bailong Elevator, also known as the Hundred Dragons Ladder to Heaven, is a complex of three parallel, glass-clad elevators carved into the quartz cliffs of Zhangjiajie National Forest Park in Hunan Province, China passengers
• Sydney Opera House
  To say that the Sydney Opera House is a famous landmark of Australia is roughly the same as calling the Amazon a stream utzon
• Eiffel Tower
  The Eiffel Tower is a lattice tower located on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France. It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower between 1887 and 1889
• Golden Gate Bridge
  The Golden Gate Bridge is a vital transportation link between the city of San Francisco and Marin County to the north. The bridge is a fixed, six lane roadway spanning 2.7 kilometers (the main span is 1,280 meters)
• CAESAR II
  CAESAR II is the most widely used software for pipeline stress analysis in the oil and gas industry. It calculates thermal expansion stresses, continuous and incidental loads coade intergraph hexagon octave
• AutoPIPE
  In the field of piping, AutoPIPE is a popular software tool used for the analysis and design of piping systems in various industries, such as the oil and gas industry, the chemical industry, and power generation bentley auto pipe
• Heat battery
  Heineken is trying a Heat Battery to generate Steam for its brewing
• Dip Pipes
  Dip pipes are widely used in the chemical, oil, pharmaceutical, food industry, etc., not only to take samples from reactors or storage vessels as part of a sampling system
• Types of Cranes
  The crane for lifting heavy loads was invented by the Ancient Greeks in the late 6th century lifting rigging
• Lifting vs Rigging
  Lifting and rigging are often used interchangeably, but they refer to distinct stages in a crane operation. Lifting involves the actual raising and lowering of loads, while rigging focuses on the intricate process of preparing and securing those loads for safe and efficient lifting action preparation industry terminology overhead cranes above movement force below
• Lifting and Rigging Parts
  Lifting and Rigging Parts refers to a wide range of devices used to lift and move heavy objects shackles hooks turnbuckles eye bolts eye nuts
• Lifting and Rigging Slings
  Lifting slings are essential components of any lifting operation and serve as the connection between the load and the hoist chain wire rope web round synthetic lifting endless flat belt polyester steel wire rope
• Lifting and Rigging Equipment
  Lifting equipment provides the mechanical force to move the load, while rigging equipment attaches the load to the machine and keeps it balanced chain hoist lever grip winch tirfor hand floor crane mechanical rack jack