- Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC)
Quality Assurance and Quality Control (QA/QC) are two distinct activities that form part
of quality management [docx qaqc.]
- Piping Related Abbreviations
19 pages in the world of piping, many abbreviations are used, which are described
over 19 pages [othx bbe. tbe. pbe. boe. toe. poe.]
- Certified Mill Test Report (CMTR)
A CMTR is a written and signed document that is approved by a qualified party and contains
data and information that attests to the actual properties of an item and the actual results of all
required tests [docx cmtr.]
- Maximum Allowable Working Pressure
(MAWP)
The Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) is an ASME classification and one of the most
critical parameters in the oil and gas industry [valx mawp.]
- Motor Operated Valve (MOV)
Motor-operated valves (MOVs) are industrial, electrically powered valves used to automatically
open, close, or throttle fluid flow [valx mov. movs.]
- Valves General
Valves are mechanical devices that controls the flow and pressure within a system or process [valx]
- Valve pressure classes ASME B16.34
The pressure class is a guideline and dimensionless number to define the pressure and temperature
values at which valves of any type of valve can operate [valx]
- API 600 valve Trim No
The removable and replaceable valve internal parts that come in contact with the flow medium
are collectively termed as Valve trim [valx]
- Hard facing Valves
Hardfacing is a metalworking process in which harder material is applied to delicate surfaces
to reduce such damage [valx]
- Gate valves
Gate valves are primarily designed to start or stop flow, and when a straight line flow of
fluid and minimum flow restriction are needed [valx]
- Globe valves
A Globe valve is a linear motion valve and are primarily designed to stop, start and regulate
flow [valx]
- Ball valves
A Ball valve is a quarter turn rotational motion valve that uses a ball shaped disk to stop
or start flow [valx]
- Plug valves
A Plug Valve is a quarter turn rotational motion Valve that use a tapered or cylindrical
plug to stop or start flow [valx]
- Butterfly valves
A Butterfly valve is a quarter turn rotational motion valve, that is used to stop, regulate,
and start flow [valx]
- Check valves
Check valves are automatic valves that open with forward flow and close with backward flow.
A common other name for check valve is Non Return Valve (NRV) [valx]
- Non slam check valve
A Non slam check valve refers to a valve that automatically opens and closes the disc acc.
the flow of the medium itself to prevent the backflow of the medium [valx]
- Rising Stem Gate Valve vs Non
Rising Stem Gate Valve
The article explains the difference between these two types of gate valves and what are the
advantages of one valve over the other [valx rs nrs] [valx]
- Bellows sealed Valve
Leakage from the valve gland or stuffing box can be prevented with this type of valve; however,
the price for a Bellow sealed valve is considerable and very high [valx]
- Pressure seal Valve
The unique feature about the pressure seal Bonnet is that the body Bonnet joints seals improves
as the internal pressure in the Valve increases [valx]
- Dimensions Spiral Wound Gaskets
NPS ½⁃24
7 pages Pressure classes 150⁃2500 acc. ASME B16.20 used with Raised Face flanges
ASME B16.5 [gasx]
- Pipe Flanges
General
A flange is a method of connecting pipes, valves, pumps and other quipment to form a piping
system [flgx]
- Safety
Lower and Upper Explosive Limits for Flammable Gases and Vapors
Description of %LEL / %UEL / PPM etc. [safx]
- Dimensions Butt Weld Elbows NPS ½⁃48
Dimensions Butt Welding Elbows 45°⁃90° LR and 3D acc. ASME B16.9 including
dimensional tolerances [fitx fittings lr. sr. 3d.]
- Butt
Weld Fittings general
Butt weld fittings are forged or wrought steel components designed to be welded onto pipe
ends to create permanent, leak free, and highly strong connections in piping systems [fitx lr. sr. 3d.]
- Piping related Books
This post is intended for those working in the world of piping. If you want to learn the
basic principles from books or literature, the books mentioned here are recommended for both beginners
and experienced piping professionals [othx book. books.]
- Spectacle
blinds Spades and Ring spacers
Spectacle Blinds are generally applied to permanently separating pipesystems, or just to
connect with each other; Spades and Ring Spacers are basically the same [flgx]
- Differences between CNG⁃LNG⁃LPG
gases
In the ever changing world of energy resources, compressed and liquefied gases have become
key players in meeting the diverse energy needs of industries, households, and the transportation
sector [othx cng. lng. lpg.]
- Vacuum Insulated Pipes (VIP)
Vacuum-insulated pipes are highly efficient piping systems designed to minimize heat transfer,
particularly for transporting cryogenic liquids such as hydrogen, oxygen, liquid nitrogen, or LNG
and natural gas at extremely low temperatures [pipx vip.]
- Wastewater Treatment
Industrial plants generate significant amounts of wastewater containing chemicals or other
substances specific to their production process, known as industrial wastewater) [civx waste.]
- Pipe spools
Pipe spools are prefabricated pipe segments, manufactured in a protected and controlled environment
(workshop) [fabx spool. spools.]
- Insulated Pipe Supports
Insulated pipe supports are designed to reduce direct heat transfer between pipes and their
supports, as heat loss is created during conduction at a support [stlx]
- Vacuum Truck
The vacuum truck (or vac truck) is a specialized industrial vehicle, equipped with a powerful
pump, a storage tank and a suction hose [equx vt.]
- Stainless Steel ⁃ the beginning
Harry Brearley of Sheffield, England, achieved fame as a metallurgist when he discovered
stainless steel in 1913 [matx ss.]
- Safety
EHS
Environmental Health and Safety (EHS) is an interdisciplinary discipline and set of practices
that organizations use to prevent harm to people and the environment [safx ehs.]
- Safety
HSE
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) is Great Britain's national independent regulator and overseer
for health, safety and wellbeing in the workplace [safx hse.]
- Safety
Vacuum Lifting
From heavy steel plates to delicate glass panels, vacuum lifters simplify tough material
handling tasks (HSE⁃Health and Safety Executive) [safx]
- Safety
Foreword to Safety
Make sure you get professionals within your company, and you'll find out that your world
is safer [safx]
- Safety
Safe use of Nitrogen
Nitrogen is one of the most DANGEROUS GASES found in refineries and chemical plants [safx]
- Safety
Job Safety Analysis (JSA)
JSA simply means looking at the work task and considering what is the safest way to complete
it [safx]
- Safety
ATEX
The name ATEX comes from the French.. ATmosphere EXplosibles [safx]
- Safety
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
OSHA is responsible for protecting the health and safety of workers in the United States [safx
us. osha.]
- Safety
Canadian Centre for Occupational Health and Safety (CCOHS)
CCOHS is a federal organization dedicated to promoting workplace health and safety across
Canada [safx ccohs.]
- Safety
CE Marking
CE marking indicates to a manufacturer or importer that a product meets safety, health and
environmental requirements [safx]
- Safety
Confined Spaces
Is working in a confined space hazardous? [safx]
- Safety
LoTo(To)
LoTo(To) stands for Lockout Tagout (TryOut) and protects an employee by preventing others
from using equipment or the switch on the machine during maintenance work or during troubleshooting [safx]
- Safety
Carbon Monoxide and the Workplace
The primary danger with Carbon Monoxide (CO) is that it cannot be easily detected. Carbon
monoxide is a colorless, odorless, tasteless gas, and thus gives its victims no advance warning [safx]
- Safety
Exposure to hydrogen sulfide (H2S)
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S ) is common in oil and gas operations, and is extremely
deadly [safx]
- Safety
Work on scaffolds
Scaffolds are commonly used in construction work so workers have a safe, stable work platform
when work cannot be done at ground level or on a finished floor [safx]
- Safety
Safety by Total
The Golden Rules of Occupational Safety.. Thoroughness and Vigilance [safx]
- Safety
Safety by BP
safety policy states no harm to people and no accidents [safx]
- Safety
Safety by Chevron
Chevrons Field Guide [safx]
- Safety
Working safely with a forklift truck (FLT)
FLT are widely used, but that does not make operating these transport vehicles easy [safx]
- Safety
Working at Height
Working at height involves a lot of risks. In a workplace where people can fall, you need
extra fall protection [safx]
- Safety
Active and Passive Fire protection
Determining active and passive fire protection measures [safx]
- Safety
Winterization
Refineries, petrochemical plants and similar facilities must focus on proper winterization
now more than ever before [safx]
- Safety
World's Safest Pipelines
By 2020, Canada's pipelines are among the safest in the world [safx]
- Safety
HVAC
HVAC stands for heating, ventilation and air conditioning [safx]
- Safety
Lost Time Injury
Lost Time Injury (LTI) is a term used in workplaces, especially in industries such as construction
or manufacturing [safx]
- Safety
Modification of a scaffold
Remember.. Only competent persons who have been trained and are experienced in this kind
of work may make modifications to scaffolds! [safx]
- Safety
NITROGEN.. the invisible killer
If oxygen level falls below 16%, we will die of asphyxiation [safx]
- Safety
Forklift Truck ⁃ Lifting and Lowering People
Never [safx]
- Safety
Finger Saver
Never put your hands or fingers in an area where they could get injured! [safx]
- Safety
Hose Whipping
Flexible pressurized hoses are found on most construction and repair operations [safx]
- Safety
Leadership ⁃ Promote and increase safety in the workplace
Leadership is a powerful motivator when it comes to behavior [safx]
- Safety
Working safely with machinery
When various machines are used in the workplace, it is important that you know what the risks
of working with these machines are [safx]
- Safety
Operating cranes
Before you start working with a crane, it is necessary to determine exactly what you will
be doing [safx]
- Safety
Oxygen and Hydrocarbons
Oxygen under pressure and hydrocarbons (oil and grease) can react violently, resulting in
explosions, fire, and injury to personnel and damage to property [safx]
- Safety
Flange Guards
Flange Guards (or Safety splash guards) are designed to contain and detect hazardous splashes [safx]
- Safety
Working with acetylene cylinders
The acetylene cylinder is an exception to other gas cylinders, because it is completely filled
with a porous mass, in which acetone has been sucked up [safx]
- Safety
Colors of Gas cylinders
Colour coding of the most important gas cylinders in accordance with EN 1089 /3 standard [safx]
- Safety
Cryogenic liquid containers
They are designed for the reliable and economic transportation and storage of liquefied gases
at cryogenic temperatures [safx]
- Safety
Hot Work Permit
A hot work permit is required for all non production or maintenance work that involves cutting,
welding, grinding, using open flames or producing heat and/or sparks and is not performed in a permanently
designated hot work area [safx]
- Safety
Pipeline Safety for Consumers Personnel and Environment
Pipelines are considered the safest means of transporting mass goodsPipelines are considered
the safest means of transporting mass goods. In particular, they are used to transport liquids and
gases [safx]
- Safety
Safety aspects (I didn't know) in petrochemicals
In the petrochemical industry, the risk of accidents must be taken seriously [safx]
- Safety
ISO 45001
ISO 45001 is the world's international standard for occupational health and safety, issued
to protect employees and visitors from work related accidents and illnesses [safx]
- Safety
Differences between Flash Point and Fire Point
Understanding their safety features is of utmost importance when it comes to handling, storing
and using flammable liquids [safx]
- Safety
Health and safety in welding
Welding is a hazardous activity that exposes workers to health and safety risks [safx]
- Safety
Windsocks
Everyone has seen a windsock at some point. But often it turns out that very little is known
about what it actually is and what it is used for [safx]
- Safety
Vacuum Lifting
To clarify what vacuum technology entails, we'll apply the basic principles we learned in
school [safx]
- Heat Affected Zone (HAZ)
HAZ is an unmelted area of metal whose material properties have changed due to exposure
to high temperatures [othx haz.]
- Heat Exchanger
A Heat Exchanger is a device built for efficient Heat Transfer from one medium to another [equx
he.]
- Questions and Answers
19 pages Question and Answer forum about everything and anything related to piping
- Piping Quiz
22 pages Test yourself, how much you know about piping components
- General Questions and Answers
136 pages Frequently asked questions about piping related topics with short answers
- Piping related articles
28 pages Collection of miscellaneous articles on piping related stuff [othx cng. lng. lpg.]
- Latest Environment Posts
37 pagesThis section on wermac.org aims to track the progress we are making as humanity
to limit the spread of climate change
- Tips and Notes
Tips and Notes on a variety of issues in piping, static equipment, piping standards and more
- Metal Weight Calculator
15 pages The weights calculated on metal weight calculator pages are for guidance
only. They are calculated using average densities for the materials
- Metric and Imperial Conversion Charts
7 pages conversion charts ⁃ length, right triangle, temperature, volume, weight,
area, pressure
- Popular pages (updated monthly)
- Relax more than 200 pages
- Stud Bolts
General
In Petro and chemical industry for flange connections Stud Bolts and Hex Bolts are used [bolx]
- Calculation
Stud Bolt Lengths
The Stud Bolt theoretical length can be calculated by means of the formula L = 2 (s +
n + h + rf) + g [bolx]
- Thread Pitch Chart
Thread series cover designations of diameter/pitch combinations that are measured by the
number of threads per inch (TPI) [bolx tpi.]
- ASTM A193 B7 vs A193 B7M Stud
Bolts
Different ASTM specifications are followed by an 'M' indicating that it is an equivalent
metric standard [bolx]
- ASTM A193 B7 vs A320 L7 Stud
Bolts
ASTM A193 B7 is a Bolting specification for medium high temperature applications [bolx]
- ASTM A194 Gr7 vs A194 Gr4 Hex
Nuts
While A194 Grade 4 and A194 Grade 7 nuts are mechanically identical and have the same intended
applications, the only difference is the chemical values [bolx]
- Stud bolt materials
The most common stud bolt materials covered by ASTM A193 are.. [bolx]
- API 20E/F bolting
API 20E and 20F specify requirements for different bolting specification levels (BSL) [bolx]
- Dimensions
Stud Bolts
7 pages Dimensions Stud Bolts for RF RTJ flanges ASME B16.5 Pressure Classes 150 300
400 600 900 1500 2500 [bolx]
- Dimensions inches Stud
Bolts
7 pages Dimensions Stud Bolts for RF RTJ flanges ASME B16.5 Pressure Classes 150 300
400 600 900 1500 2500 [bolx]
- Dimensions Stud Bolts
ASME B16.47
ASME b16.47 series A Pressure classses 150 to 900 [bolx]
- Dimensions Stud Bolts
ASME B16.47
ASME b16.47 series B Pressure classses 150 to 900 [bolx]
- Dimensions
Heavy Hex Nuts ASME B18.2.2
Heavy Hex Nuts to be used with Stud Bolts ASME B16.5 [bolx]
- Dimensions Metric Bolt Chart
Hex bolts dimensions acc. DIN 931 ISO 4014 [bolx]
- Dimensions
Metric Nuts
Dimensions acc. DIN 931 ISO 4014 [bolx]
- Rotabolt®
Rotabolts are Tension controlled Fasteners and the only practical direct stress/strain measurement
technique [bolx]
- Double End Studs
Double end stud bolts are screw fasteners with threads on both ends and an unthreaded section
in the middle [bolx]
- Locking Nuts
Lock nuts or locking nuts are special types of fasteners designed to provide secure fastening [bolx]
- Belleville Washers
Belleville washers, also known as Belleville springs, are a type of non flat washer [bolx]
- Xylan®
Xylan is a registered brand name for a type of fluoropolymer coating. Xylan Coating is developed,
branded and marketed by Whitford Worldwide Company [bolx]
- Bolting
Torque Tables
The torque tables are built on specific assumptions regarding bolt and nut factor a given [bolx]
- Torque Calculation
Torque calculation for ASTM 193 Grade B7 and B16 Stud Bolts used with Spiral Wound Gaskets [bolx]
- Civil Engineering Civil
engineering is arguably the oldest engineering discipline [civx]
- Indias greatest Civil engineer
In remembrance of Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya, the most outstanding Engineer of all times,
the Engineering fraternity of India celebrates “Engineer's Day” every year on 15th of
September [civx]
- India Engineers
Around 66% men in the world are interested in engineering while the figure stands as low
as.. [civx]
- Palm Island Dubai
5 Km into the Persian Gulf, lie the Palm Islands, Dubai. Palm Jumeirah can even be seen from
space [civx]
- The
Delta Works in the Netherlands
Oosterscheldekering
A surge barrier between the islands Schouwen Duiveland and Noord Beveland [civx]
- The
Delta Works in the Netherlands
Maeslantkering
A storm surge barrier between the Nieuwe Waterweg located at Hoek van Holland and the cities
of Maassluis and Vlaardingen [civx]
- The Millau Viaduct
The Millau Viaduct (French le Viaduc de Millau) is a cable stayed bridge [civx]
- Huajiang Canyon Bridge
The bridge is a suspension bridge in Guizhou in China [civx]
- Great Wall of China
The wall is an ancient series of walls and fortifications located in northern China [civx]
- Pyramids of Giza
Arabic: AHRAMAT AL JIZAH, Giza also spelled GIZEH, three pyramids from the 4th dynasty (c.
2575 c [civx]
- The Euro Tunnel
The Chunnel, is one of the most challenging civil engineering projects of the 20th century [civx]
- Kansai International Airport
The Kansai Airport also had to satisfy two specific requirements from a technical point of
view, it had to meet the strict local earthquake and tsunami safety regulations [civx]
- Three Gorges Dam
China's Three Gorges Project is the largest water conservation project in the world [civx
concrete]
- Sayano Shushenskaya Dam
The dam is located on the Yenisei River, near Sayanogorsk in Khakassia, Russia [civx power
plant]
- Int'l Building Code
The International Building Code (IBC) is a worldwide recognized set of codes and standards [civx]
- Cement production
Concrete is the most widely used building material in the world. It is so flexible, strong
and practical [civx]
- Septic tank
A septic tank is an underground container that is part of a waste disposal system for homes [civx]
- Grouting
Grouting is a construction technique used to fill the gaps or voids between tiles, bricks
or other materials [civx]
- Reference Points ⁃
Location is Relative
An object's location is always given relative to another reference object [docx objects]
- Plot Plan and Equipment Arrangement
A Plot Plan is a scale drawing that gives an overview (top view) of the entire plant [docx]
- Piping Arrangement
In Piping Drawings there are two types of views in hand drawn piping drawings: Orthographic
and Pictorial views [docx isometrics dwg]
- Piping Instrument Diagram (P&ID)
The Piping and Instrument Diagram provides a schematic representation of the piping, process
control, and instrumentation [docx pid.]
- Process Flow Diagram(PFD)
A process flow diagram is a type of diagram that illustrates the relationships between key
components in a process plant [docx pfd.]
- Piping Isometric
Unlike orthographics, piping isometrics allow the pipe to be drawn in a manner by which the
length, width and depth are shown in a single view [docx iso.]
- Pipe support at Isometric
Pipe supports are usually indicated on isometric drawings as a “PIPE SUPPORT CALL OUT” [docx]
- Piping Engineering
Piping engineering is a specialized discipline of Mechanical Engineering that deals with
the design of piping [docx]
- Engineering Standards
general
Standards, codes, specifications are extremely important and often essential in engineering [docx]
- Engineering Standards
15 pages Piping Material Specifications [docx]
- Piping Specification
(Pipe Spec)
The Piping Specification (Pipe Spec) is a document prepared during the design phase of any
project [docx]
- Example Pipe Specification
The example specification covers carbon steel piping for general non corrosive gas and liquid
process service [docx]
- Pipe Stress Analysis
Pipe stress analysis examines piping systems to verify their strength, safety, and efficiency [docx]
- Piping Vibration
Pipe vibrations are vibrations in piping systems caused by the coincidence of the pulsation
frequency of the pipes [docx]
- Piping Design
Piping design is a crucial part of engineering projects and process plants, involving the
creation of systems [docx]
- Thermal expansion ⁃
Thermal stress
Thermal expansion and the resulting thermal stress are key concepts in engineering and physics [docx]
- Piping Flexibility
⁃ Thermal Expansion of Pipe
One major requirement in piping design is to provide adequate flexibility for absorbing the
thermal expansion of the pipe [docx]
- Mill Test Certificate
The Mill Test Certificate, or also known as Material Test Certificate, plays an important
role in quality control of materials in several industries [docx]
- Heat Number
A heat number is a unique identifier stamped on a piece of metal to give information about
its origin [docx]
- Mechanical symbols on P&ID Overview
Strainer, Bursting disk, Spectakle blind, Steam trap, Sight Glass, Slide Valve Hand Operated
and more [docx]
- PFD symbols for Heat
Exchangers overview pfd.
Piping Flow Diagram ⁃ PFD symbols for use with Heat Exchangers [docx pfd.]
- Symbols for Isometric drawings overview
Overview of mechanical symbols for Isometric drawings [docx iso.]
- P&ID symbols for Heat
Exchangers overview
Overview of P&ID symbols for use with Heat Exchangers [docx pid.]
- Symbols in Piping Arrangements overview
Overview of drawing symbols for single line Piping Arrangements [docx]
- MTO, BOM, BOQ in a nutshell
In the world of piping and project management, accurate documentation and clear communication
are essential [docx]
- Process plant commissioning
Process plant commissioning includes activities such as cleaning, flushing, verification,
leak testing, performance evaluation and functional testing [docx]
- Unit Rate contract
Under a unit rate contract, a construction company prices separate parts or units of the
work, to estimate the total projects cost [docx]
- Shop Fabrication of Pipe Spools
Timely supply of pipe spools to module yard and installation site is the key to the success
of whole project [fabx]
- Field fabrication of Piping
Some contractors prefer to do most, if not all fabrication in the shop, others prefer to
set up at the job site [fabx]
- Modular Projects
Modularization, in which structures are pre assembled off the primary construction site,
has been popular since the 1970s [fabx]
- Tolerances in Pipe Fabrication
The prefabrication of pipe spools based on fixed tolerance specifications is an important
step in the construction of piping systems [fabx]
- Nozzle length and Spacing
Minimum Length and Spacing without Reninforcement, Minimum Length and Spacing with Reninforcement [fabx]
- Unequal Wall Thickness
Weld End Preparation at Unequal Wall Thicknesses, Acceptable Design in Piping components [fabx]
- Pipe Line Spacing Chart
The line spacing dimensions are based on a minimum clearance between the outside diameter [fabx]
- Types and Materials
of Industrial Insulation
There are varying opinions as to the classification of mechanical insulation by the service
temperature range [fabx]
- Space Requirements
of Industrial Insulation
The space requirements of the insulation must be taken into account when the installation
is being designed and planned [fabx]
- Industrial Insulation
of Piping systems
Piping insulation also has an important function. It must ensure that heat loss are effectively
reduced and that the installation continues to operate economically [fabx]
- Steam Tracing of Piping Systems
Steam tracing is usually accomplished by running copper steam lines in direct contact with
the piping or vessels [fabx]
- Electrical Heat Tracing
Electrical heat tracing systems use cables or tapes that generate heat along pipes [fabx]
- Floating Head Heat Exchanger
The floating head heat exchanger is a type of tube heat exchanger in which the tube sheet
combination is independent and can move freely within the shell [equx shell exchangers]
- Fouling and Scaling in
Heat Exchangers
The deposition of unwanted materials such as scale, suspended particles, insoluble salts
and even algae on the internal surfaces of the heat exchanger is called fouling [equx internal
surfaces]
- Heat Exchanger repair
by Plugging
Repair of tubes may be accomplished by plugging the tube at the tubesheet with a welded or
mechanical attachment [equx]
- Cleaning of Shell and
Tube Heat Exchangers
Clean heat exchanger tubes are essential to the functionality of shell and tube heat exchangers [equx]
- Heat Exchanger Collar Bolts
Collars bolts are used for removable bundle heat exchangers, to holding the bundle in place,
if only the channel must be removed [equx]
- Header / Shoulder Plugs for Exchangers
Shoulder plugs or header plugs are made for plug type header boxes in air cooled heat exchangers [equx]
- Intro to Plate Heat Exchangers
A plate Heat Exchanger is a unit which transfers heat continuously from one media to another
media without adding energy to the process [equx]
- Air Cooled Heat Exchangers
The design of an Air Cooled Heat Exchanger (AC HE) is more complex than for a Shell and Tube
Heat Exchanger [equx ache]
- Cleaning Air
Cooled Heat Exchangers
Keeping ACHE or ACC air cooled heat exchangers and specific parts clean, is very important
to maintain quality and extend life [equx]
- Pumps general
A pump is a machine used for the purpose of transferring quantities of fluids and or gases
from one place to another [equx]
- Centrifugal Pump
Centrifugal Pumps has been designed specially for use in the food, dairy, beverage, pharmaceutical
and light chemical industries [equx]
- Centrifugal Pumps acc.
API 610 standard
The API 610 standard specifies requirements for centrifugal pumps, including pumps running
in reverse as hydraulic power recovery turbines (HPRTs), for use in petroleum, petrochemical, and
gas industry process services [equx oh. bb. vs.]
- NPSH in Centrifugal Pumps
NPSH stands for Net Positive Suction Head and is a measure of the pressure experienced by
a liquid on the suction side of a centrifugal pump [equx npsh.]
- Positive Displacement
Pump
A Positive Displacement Pump has an expanding cavity on the suction side of the pump and
a decreasing cavity [equx]
- Peristaltic Pump
Peristaltic pumps are a type of rotary positive displacement pump that consist of two integral
parts [equx]
- Industrial heat pumps
Industrial heat pumps are designed to meet industrial process heat loads and operating requirements
and are emerging [equx]
- Sucker Rod Pump (Nodding Donkey)
Oil production by sucker rod pumps is one of the most widely used methods of artificial lifting [equx]
- Pump Cavitation
Cavitation in pumps is the rapid creation and subsequent disintegration of bubbles in a liquid [equx]
- Major Types of Industrial Scrubbers
Scrubbers are air pollution control devices that use liquid to remove particulate matter
or gases [equx]
- Noise Control by Industrial Silencers
Noise induced hearing loss is an extremely important health problem for people who work in
industry [equx]
- Industrial Reactors
Generally, reactors are vessels designed to contain chemical reactions of interest and industrial
systems [equx]
- Air Compressors general
A compressor converts atmospheric air into compressed air for various industries [equx]
- Storage Tanks
Storage tanks containing organic liquids, non organic liquids, vapors and can be found in
many industries [equx]
- Tank Farm or Tank Terminal
A Tank Farm is an industrial facility for the storage of oil, petroleum and petrochemical
products [equx]
- Storage Tank Implosion
The most common cause of vacuum in tanks is caused by steam (water vapor) [equx]
- Safety of storage tanks
Design and safety concern has come to a great concern as reported case of fires and explosion
for the storage tank [equx]
- Cryogenic Tanks
Cryogenic tanks are used for the storage of natural gases such as oxygen, argon, nitrogen,
helium and hydrogen [equx]
- Avoid Boil off Gas in Cryogenic
Tanks
One of the problems recognized early on in the storage of of gases as liquids at cryogenic
temperatures (typically 150°C) is evaporative gas (BOG) [equx bog oil off]
- Flame Arresters
A Flame Arrester also spelled arrestor is a device which allows gas to pass through it but
stops a flame [equx fire explosion]
- Breather Valve
Breather Valves, also known as direct acting Pressure Vacuum Relief Valves, are special types
of Relief Valves [equx tanks protection]
- Differences between pressure vessels
and storage tanks
Pressure tanks and vessels are available in a wide range of shapes and sizes to meet the
specific requirements of different industries [equx]
- Spherical and Cylindrical Pressure
Vessels
Pressure vessels can theoretically be almost any shape, but shapes made of sections of spheres,
cylinders, and cones are usually employed [equx]
- Bonding Process
Explosion Bonding or Explosion Cladding or Explosion Welding is a technically based industrial
welding process [equx]
- Distillation Column
A distillation column is an essential item used in the distillation of liquid mixtures to
separate the mixture [equx columns]
- Distillation Column Internals
A bubble cap tray has riser or chimney fitted over each hole ⁃ Sieve trays are
simply metal plates with holes in them ⁃ in valve trays perforations are covered by
liftable caps [equx columns]
- Demister Pad's in Process Piping
Demister Pad's are similar to air filters, which are used for removing dust particles from
a stream of air [equx demisters pads]
- Manhole in Process Piping
Manholes are installed in storage tanks, pressure vessels, drums, columns and serves as a
passage and vent for personnel during installation, repair, cleaning and maintenance [equx]
- Flaring in Industry ⁃ Gas flare
/ Flare Stack
A gas flare, alternatively known as a flare stack is a important safety device used in refineries
and petrochemical facilities [equx flares staks]
- Knock Out drum in Flaring systems Knock
Out drums are vessels in flare headers designed to remove and accumulate condensed and entrained
liquids from the relief gases [equx]
- Pressure Leaf Filter
Pressure Leaf Filters, in vertical or horizontal configurations, provide excellent removal
of suspended solids [equx]
- Cooling Towers
Cooling towers are special types of heat exchangers in which water and air interact to lower
the temperatures [equx]
- Vortex breaker
Vortex breakers are installed to prevent the formation of a vortex when emptying tanks [equx]
- Types of Cranes
The crane for lifting heavy loads was invented by the Ancient Greeks in the late 6th century [equx]
- Butt Weld Elbows
The function of a elbow is to change direction or flow in a piping system and by default,
there are five opportunities[fitx fittings lr. sr. 3d.]
- Butt Weld Tees
The primary purpose of a Tee is to make a 90° branch from the main run of pipe and standard
there are two possibilities [fitx fittings]
- Butt Weld Reducers
Reducers be applied, to change from pipe diameter in one direction and standard there are
two possibilities [fitx fittings]
- Marking
Requirements Fittings some examples
The ASME B31.3 Code requires random examination of materials and components [fitx]
- ASTM material standards
The standards define the specific manufacturing process [fitx fittings]
- ASTM A234 material standard
The standard overs wrought carbon steel and alloy steel fittings [fitx]
- ASTM A403 material standard
The A403 standard specifies key properties such as chemical composition, mechanical performance
and heat treatment requirements [fitx]
- Butt Weld Tee Manufacturing
The hot extrusion process for tees consists of enclosing a piece of metal, heated to forging
temperature in a chamber called a “container” [fitx fittings]
- Butt Welded Elbows
Manufacturing
The Mandrel method is one of the most common manufacturing method for making elbows from
pipes [fitx]
- Butt Weld Cap Manufacturing
One of the most common manufacturing methods for caps, where plate is cut out in a circle
and formed by “deep drawing” [fitx fittings]
- Induction Bending
Induction Bending is a controlled means of bending pipes through the application of local
heating using high frequency induced electrical power [fitx fittings]
- Dimensions Butt Weld Elbows NPS 1⁃6
Dimensions Butt Welding Elbows 90° SR acc. ASME B16.9 including dimensional tolerances [fitx
lr. sr. 3d.]
- Dimensions Butt Weld Elbows NPS ½⁃24
and SR
Dimensions Butt Welding Elbows 180° LR acc. ASME B16.9 including dimensional tolerances [fitx
lr. sr. 3d.]
- Dimensions Butt Weld Reducing Elbows
NPS 3⁃24
Dimensions Butt Welding Reducing Elbows 90° LR and SR acc. ASME B16.9 including dimensional
tolerances [fitx lr. sr. 3d.]
- Dimensions and weights Butt Weld Caps
NPS ½⁃48
Dimensions Butt Welding Caps acc. ASME B16.9 including dimensional tolerances [fitx fittings]
- Dimensions Butt Weld Reducers Concentric
and Eccentric NPS ½⁃40
Dimensions Butt Welding Reducers acc. ASME B16.9 including dimensional tolerances [fitx
fittings]
- Dimensions Butt Weld Straight Tees
NPS ½⁃48
Dimensions Butt Welding Straight Tees acc. ASME B16.9 including dimensional tolerances [fitx]
- Dimensions Butt Weld Reducing Tees
NPS ½⁃48
7 pages Dimensions Butt Welding Reducing Tees acc. ASME B16.9 including dimensional
tolerances [fitx fittings]
- Dimensions
Butt Weld Stub Ends Stainless Steel NPS ½⁃24
Dimensions Butt Welding Stub Ends acc. MSS SP43 type A/B including dimensional tolerances [fitx]
- Dimensions Butt
Weld Stub Ends Carbon Steel NPS ½⁃24
Dimensions Butt Welding Stub Ends acc. ASME B16.9 including dimensional tolerances [fitx]
- Weights of Butt Weld Elbows
4 pages ASME B16.9 butt welding fitting specifications do not specify weights for
fittings. Weights quoted in the tables on that page are based on manufacturers information and should
be considered as approximate and provided as a guide only! [fitx]
- Weights of Butt Weld Reducers
concentric and eccentric
4 pages ASME B16.9 butt welding fitting specifications do not specify weights for
fittings. Weights quoted in the tables on that page are based on manufacturers information and should
be considered as approximate and provided as a guide only! [fitx]
- Weights of Butt Weld Tees Straight
and Reducing
2 pages ASME B16.9 butt welding fitting specifications do not specify weights for
fittings. Weights quoted in the tables on that page are based on manufacturers information and should
be considered as approximate and provided as a guide only! [fitx]
- Definition and Details of Threaded
Fittings
Threaded joints probably represent the oldest method of joining piping systems. Like Socket
Weld fittings, threaded fittings are mainly used for small pipe diameters (Small Bore Piping) [fitx]
- Dimensions Threaded Elbows NPS ½⁃4
Threaded Elbows 90° and 45° Pressure classes 2000, 3000 and 6000 acc. ASME B16.11 [fitx]
- Dimensions Threaded Tees and Crosses
NPS ½⁃4
Threaded Tees and Crosses Pressure classes 2000, 3000 and 6000 acc. ASME B16.11 [fitx]
- Dimensions Threaded Street
Elbows NPS ½⁃2
Threaded Street Elbows pressure classes 3000 and 6000 acc. ASME B16.11 [fitx]
- Dimensions Threaded Full and
Half Couplings NPS ½⁃4
Threaded Full and Half Couplings Pressure classes 3000 and 6000 acc. ASME B16.11 [fitx]
- Dimensions Threaded End Caps NPS ½⁃4
Threaded End Caps pressure classes 3000 and 6000 acc. ASME B16.11 [fitx]
- Dimensions Threaded Hex Head
Bushings NPS ½⁃4
Threaded Hex Head Bushings acc. ASME B16.11 [fitx]
- Dimensions Threaded Hex Head ⁃
Square Head ⁃ Round Head Plugs NPS ½⁃4
Threaded plugs acc. ASME B16.11 [fitx]
- Dimensions Threaded Unions NPS ⅛⁃3
Unions including pressure and temperature Service rating for Class 3000 Carbon and Stainless
Steel Unions acc. MSS SP83 [fitx]
- Definition and Details of
Socket Weld Fittings
A Socket Weld fitting is a pipe attachment detail in which a pipe is inserted into a recessed
area of a valve, fitting or flange [fitx]
- Dimensions Socket Weld Elbows NPS ½⁃4
Socket Weld Elbows90° and 45° pressure classes 3000 and 6000 acc. ASME B16.11 [fitx]
- Dimensions Socket Weld Tees and
Crosses NPS ½⁃4
SW Tees and Crosses pressure classes 3000 and 6000 acc. ASME B16.11 [fitx]
- Dimensions Socket Weld Full and
Half Couplings NPS ½⁃4
SW Couplings pressure classes 3000 and 6000 acc. ASME B16.11 [fitx]
- Dimensions Socket Weld Reducing
Couplings NPS ½⁃2
SW Couplings pressure classes 3000 and 6000 acc. ASME B16.11 [fitx]
- Dimensions Socket Weld Caps NPS ½⁃4
Socket Weld Caps pressure classes 3000 and 6000 acc. ASME B16.11 [fitx]
- Dimensions Swage
nipples (millimeters) NPS ¼⁃4
Swage concentric and eccentric Beveled Ends Threaded Ends Plain Ends acc. MSS SP95 including
tolerances [fitx]
- Dimensions Swage nipples (inches)
NPS ¼⁃4
Swageconcentric and eccentric Beveled Ends Threaded Ends Plain Ends acc. MSS SP95 including
tolerances [fitx]
- Swage nipples vs Butt Weld
Reducers
Swage nipples and Butt Welding reducers are often a topic of much debate. Which of these
components are best suited in a piping system, and therefore it is important to understand their
differences [fitx]
- O'let Branch Connection
Branch Connection fittings (also known as O'lets) are fittings which provide an outlet from
a larger pipe to a smaller one (or one of the same size)
such as..
Weldolet®
Sockolet®
Thredolet®
Latrolet®
Elbolet®
Nipolet®
Sweepolet®
Brazolet®
Coupolet® [fitx olet]
- Weldolet®
Weldolets (collective name ⁃ O'lets) are typically used in high pressure and high temperature
applications [fitx olet weldolet.]
- Reinforcement Pad vs Weldolet®
A reinforcement pad is welded around the branch while for a branch with a Weldolet no reinforcement
pad is required [fitx]
- Welding
requirements of O'let
Based on the number of occurrences it is clear that a significant misunderstanding exists
on how much welding is required for a complete installation of an integrally reinforced branch outlet
fitting [fitx olets o lets]
- Dimensions
Weldolet® Reducing NPS ½⁃24
STD Wall thickness acc. MSS SP97 [fitx]
- Dimensions
Weldolet® Reducing NPS ½⁃24
XS Wall thickness acc. MSS SP97 [fitx]
- Dimensions
Weldolet® Size on Size NPS ½⁃24
STD Wall thickness acc. MSS SP97 [fitx]
- Dimensions
Weldolet® Size on Size NPS ½⁃24
XS Wall thickness acc. MSS SP97[fitx]
- Dimensions
Sockolet® Reducing NPS ½⁃6
pressure class 3000 acc. MSS SP97
- Dimensions
Sockolet® Size on Size NPS ½⁃6
pressure class 3000 acc. MSS SP97 [fitx]
- Dimensions
Thredolet® Reducing NPS ½⁃6
pressure classes 3000 and 6000 acc. MSS SP97 [fitx]
- Dimensions
Thredolet® Size on Size NPS ½⁃6
pressure class 3000 acc. MSS SP97 [fitx]
- Dimensions Elbolet® NPS ¼⁃2
pressure classes 3000 and 6000 acc. MSS SP97 [fitx]
- Dimensions Latrolet® NPS ¼⁃4
(3 types) Schedule Std, XS, 160,XXS and pressure classes 3000 and 6000 acc. MSS SP97 [fitx]
- Pressure
Classes of Flanges
Forged steel flanges ASME B16.5 are made in seven primary Pressure Classes..150, 300, 400,600,900,1500
and 2500 [flgx]
- Flange
types
Most commonly used flange types are: Weld Neck flanges, Slip On flanges, Lap Joint flanges,
Socket Weld flanges, Threaded flanges, Blind flanges [flgx so flanges]
- Types
of Flange faces
Different types of flange faces are used as the contact surfaces to seat the sealing gasket
material [flgx]
- Flange Face
Finish
The ASME B16.5 code requires that the flange face (raised face and flat face) has a specific
roughness [flgx]
- Generic
Marking Standards and Requirements for flanges
The ASME B31.3 Code requires random examination of materials and components to ensure conformance
to listed specifications and standards [flgx]
- Bolt Hole Orientation
for flanges
During the prefab of a flange the position of the bolt holes are of particular importance.
Maybe you have ever seen the following on a drawing.. All Flange Bolt Holes Straddle the Centerlines [flgx]
- ASTM grades for Flanges
Grades of materials used for.. Flanges, Pipes and Fittings acc. various ASTM standards [flgx]
- ASTM A105 Flange Material Specification
ASTM A105 covers wrought carbon steel piping components for use in ambient and elevated
temperatures in pressurized systems [flgx]
- ASTM A350 Flange Material Specification
ASTM A350 covers various grades of carbon and low alloy steels, forged or ring rolled flanges [flgx]
- Gaskets and Bolts for
flanged connections
To realize a leak free flange connection gaskets and bolts are necessary [flgx]
- Torque
Tightening
To obtain a leak free flange connection the bolts must be assign on the correct bolt tension,
and the total bolt strength must be evenly divided over the whole flange face [flgx]
- Bolt
Tensioning
Tensioning is the direct axial stretching of the bolt to achieve preload [flgx]
- Bolting Torque Tables
8 pages The torque tables are built on specific assumptions regarding bolt and nut
factor [flgx]
- API 6A flanges
The API 6A specification is a standard developed for the American Petroleum Institute and
shares many characteristics with ASME flanges [flgx]
- Orifice
flanges
Orifice flanges acc. ASME B16.36 generally come with either Raised Faces or RTJ (Ring Type
Joint) facings. They are, for all intensive purposes, the same as weld neck flanges [flgx]
- Jack Screw dimensions for Orifice
flanges
acc. ASME B16.36 usually two jack screws are mounted, and they are used to separate the flanges
allowing the orifice plate, among other things, to be inspected and replaced [flgx]
- Long Welding Neck Flange Dimensions
Long Neck Welding (abbreviated LWN) flanges are basically identical to standard Welding Neck
flanges [flgx]
- Special
flanges
Special Flanges are basically identical to standard flanges, but have a number of special
features [flgx]
- Swivel Ring Flange
The Swivel Ring Flange is comparable to a set of stub end and lap joint flange, with the
difference that.. [flgx]
- Anchor Flanges
An anchor flange is a device that is installed on a pipeline to counteract axial movement,
and prevents the pipeline from moving [flgx]
- Smurf Flange
Smurf flanges are specially designed for filling and draining piping systems during a hydrotest [flgx]
- Quickflange
Quickflange (QF) is a product of Norwegian origin and has been developed with involvement
of Oil and Gas industry organisations such Statoil, Det Norske Veritas (DNV) and ABS [flgx]
- Dimensions
Weld Neck Flanges NPS ½⁃24
20 pages Dimensions and tolerances Welding Neck Flanges and Stud Bolts acc. ASME B16.5 Pressure
classes 150⁃2500 [flgx]
- Dimensions
Slip On Flanges NPS ½⁃24
19 pages Dimensions and tolerances Slip On Flanges and Stud Bolts acc. ASME B16.5 Pressure
classes 150⁃2500 [flgx so flanges]
- Dimensions
Socket Weld Flanges NPS ½⁃24
7 pages Dimensions and tolerances Socket Weld Flanges and Stud Bolts acc. ASME B16.5 Pressure
classes 150⁃2500 [flgx]
- Dimensions
Lap Joint Flanges NPS ½⁃24
19 pages Dimensions and tolerances Lap Joint Flanges and Stud Bolts acc. ASME B16.5 Pressure
classes 150⁃2500 [flgx]
- Dimensions
Threaded Flanges NPS ½⁃2½
7 pages Dimensions and tolerances Threaded Flanges and Stud Bolts acc. ASME B16.5 Pressure
classes 150⁃2500 [flgx]
- Dimensions Spectacle
Blinds NPS ½⁃24
Dimensions Spectacle Blind Flanges acc. ASME B16.48 Pressure classes 150⁃2500 [flgx]
- Dimensions
Spades and Ring Spacers NPS ½⁃24
Dimensions Spades and Ring Spacers acc. ASME B16.48 Pressure classes 150⁃2500 [flgx]
- Dimensions
and Weights of Spades and Ring Spacers above 24 inch
used for Flanges ASME B16.47 series A Pressure classes 150⁃900 [flgx]
- Dimensions Studding Outlets
NPS ½⁃24
6 pages Design: ASME B16.11 ASME B16.9 Marking: MSS SP25 [flgx]
- Bleed or Drip Ring
for ASME B16.5 RF flanges including dimensions [flgx]
- Forged Flanges Weight Chart NPS ½⁃24
weights refer to ASME B16.5 flanges [flgx]
- Dimensions
Welding Neck and Blind flanges NPS 26⁃60
ASME B16.47 Series A Pressure classes 150⁃900 [flgx]
- Dimensions
Welding Neck and Blind flanges NPS 26⁃60
ASME B16.47 Series B Pressure classes 150⁃900 [flgx]
- Dimensions
Orifice Weld Neck RF flanges NPS 1⁃24
5 pages Pressure classes 300 600 900 1500 2500 acc. ASME B16.36 including stud bolt
diameter and length [flgx]
- Dimensions
Orifice Weld Neck RTJ flanges NPS 1⁃24
4 pages Pressure classes 600 900 1500 2500 acc. ASME B16.36 including stud bolt diameter
and length [flgx]
- Dimensions
Ring Joint Facings ASME B16.5
7 pages Pressure Classes 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500 [flgx]
- Dimensions inches Weld
Neck Flanges ½⁃24
7 pages Pressure classes 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500 ASME B16.5 including stud bolts
diameter and length and dimensional tolerances [flgx]
- Dimensions
API 6B Flanges
4 pages API 6A 2000 3000 5000 2000 PSI Working Pressure [flgx]
- Dimensions Weld Neck
and Slip On flanges BS 3293
4 pages Pressure classes 150 300 400 600 [flgx so flanges]
- Dimensions Male and Female
and Tongue and Groove flanges
acc. ASME B16.5 [flgx]
- Flange (Pipe) protectors
Flange protectors are designed to protect flanges from damage during transportation or exposure
to corrosive elements [flgx]
- Flange Insulation Gasket Kit
Gasket sets for flange insulation are designed to ensure the integrity and reliability of
the pipeline and piping system through safety and corrosion protection [flgx]
- Raised Face Height
For the height of the Raised Face of all flange sizes, except for the Lap Joint flange, it
is important to understand the details. [flgx]
- Gaskets for flanged Connections
Flange gaskets are used to create a static seal between two flanges faces, at various operating
conditions, with varied pressure and temperature ratings [gasx]
- Spiral wound gaskets for flanged connections
Spiral wound gaskets are characterised by a high degree of precision. This makes it possible
to integrate a filler material while winding a profiled metal strip [gasx]
- Camprofile Gaskets
Camprofile gaskets consist of a concentrically serrated, solid metal core with a soft, formable
seal material bonded to each surface [gasx kammprofile ]
- Spiral woud vs Camprofile Gaskets
Both spiral wound and kammprofile gaskets or grooved gaskets are used in various applications,
such as refineries, petrochemical plants, power plants, etc [gasx]
- Dimensions Camprofile GasketsNPS ½⁃24
Pressure classes 150⁃2500 acc. ASME B16.20 used with Raised Face flanges ASME B16.5 [gasx
kammprofile]
- Dimensions Non⁃Metallic Flat
Ring Gaskets NPS ½⁃24
Pressure classes 150⁃900 acc. ASME B16.21 used with Raised Face flanges ASME B16.5 [gasx]
- Dimensions Metal Jacketed Gaskets
NPS ½⁃24
Pressure classes 150⁃2500 acc. ASME B16.20 used with Raised Face flanges ASME B16.5 [gasx]
- Dimensions METRIC Metal
Jacketed Gaskets DN10⁃DN900
Pressure classes 1PN10⁃PN100 acc. EN 1514⁃4 used with Raised Face flanges EN
1092/1[gasx]
- Dimensions Ring Ring Joint Gaskets
(RTJ) NPS ½⁃36
Pressure classes 150⁃2500 acc. ASME B16.20 used with Raised Face flanges ASME B16.5
and ASME B16.47SeriesA[gasx]
- Dimensions METRIC Spiral
Wound Gaskets DN10⁃DN3000
Pressure classes PN10⁃PN400 acc. EN 1514⁃2 used with Raised Face flanges DIN
EN 1092/1[gasx]
- Dimensions Non Metallic
Flat Ring Gaskets NPS 26⁃60
Pressure classes 150⁃600 acc. ASME B16.21 used with RF flanges ASME B16.47 seriesA [gasx]
- Dimensions Non Metallic
Flat Ring Gaskets NPS 26⁃60
Pressure classes 150⁃600 acc. ASME B16.21 used with RF flanges ASME B16.47 seriesB [gasx]
- Dimensions Spiral Wound
Gaskets NPS 26⁃60
5 pages Pressure classes 150⁃900 acc. ASME B16.20 used with Raised Face flanges
ASME B16.47 seriesA[gasx]
- Dimensions Spiral Wound
Gaskets NPS 26⁃60
5 pages Pressure classes 150⁃900 acc. ASME B16.20 used with Raised Face flanges
ASME B16.47 seriesB[gasx]
- Dimensions Nonmetallic Full Face
Gaskets NPS ½⁃24
5 pages Pressure classes 150⁃900 acc. ASME B16.21 used with Flat Face flanges
ASME B16.5 [gasx]
- Flexitallic Spiral Wound Gaskets
Flexitallic Gasket Identification are colour coded to help expedite the selection and identity
of the gaskets [gasx]
- Gland packing ⁃ applications
and advantages
Gland packing is an essential component in many industrial applications because that flexible
seal prevents leakage of liquids and gases in rotating equipment such as pumps and valves [gasx]
- Manually operated Circular Gasket cutters
Circular gasket cutters are tools used to accurately cut perfectly round gaskets of various
sizes and materials [gasx]
- PTFE envelope flange gaskets
A PTFE envelope gasket is a composite gasket, and consists of an envelope of PTFE with an
insert [gasx Polytetrafluoroethylene]
- Ring Type Joint Gaskets (RTJ)
RTJ gaskets are made from metallic materials and are widely used in onshore and offshore
upstream and downstream petroleum and petrochemical applications [gasx rtj.]
- Lens Shaped Ring gaskets
Lens Shaped Ring Gaskets consist of a solid disc made of stainless steel or a special alloy
and, unlike RTJ metal gaskets, are reusable because the sealing effect is generally achieved by elastic
deformation of the surfaces [gasx]
- Dishing of
Spiral Wound Gaskets
Why does the outer ring of a spiral wound gasket (with inner and outer rings) sometimes get
warped (like a satellite dish) when installed? [gasx]
- Effects and Economic impact of Corrosion
Corrosion is degradation of materials properties due to interactions with their environments,
and corrosion of most metals (and many materials for that matter) is inevitable [matx]
- Corrosion Under Insulation (CUI)
CUI is a common problem shared by the refining, petrochemical, power, industrial,
onshore and offshore industries [matx]
- Microbiologically Induced Corrosion
(MIC)
MIC is the decomposition of metals (especially steel, copper, and aluminum) caused
or accelerated by microorganisms [matx mic.]
- Corrosion Allowance
By knowing the expected general corrosion rate and the anticipated plant or service life
of a part, the designer can calculate the extra thickness required for corrosion resistance [matx]
- Corrosion Inhibitors
Corrosion inhibitors (CI) provide a certain resistance to corrosion and reduce the corrosion
rate or prevent a substance from corroding [matx]
- White Rust
The white rash that forms on galvanized steel and aluminum is often called “white rust” and
like ordinary rust, it is a form of corrosion [matx]
- Sour Service
Any process fluid containing hydrogen sulfide is defined as Sour Service [matx]
- Protection against external corrosion
Corrosion, in both pipelines and pipeline systems is basically divided into internal and
external corrosion [matx]
- Corrosion Under Pipe Supports (CUPS)
CUPS is a serious problem in pipelines and it is important to detect and prevent this
corrosion in order to extend the service life of piping systems and ensure safety for everyone [matx]
- Ultimate Tensile Strength
Ultimate tensile strength (or tensile strength for short) is an important property of materials
to determine their mechanical performance [matx]
- Hydrogen Induced Cracking (HIC)
Pipelines and pressure vessels made of carbon steel and low alloy steel can exhibit hydrogen
induced cracking [matx hic.]
- Piping materials comparison table
The material comparison table for piping shows most commonly used ASTM grades [matx]
- Stainless Steel 316/304 vs 316L/304L
As American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) basic grades, the only practical difference between
304 / 316 and 304L / 316L is carbon content [matx]
- Does Stainless Steel rust?
Even with impressive properties, stainless steel can and does rust; after all, it is “stainless” and
not “stainfree” [matx]
- Is Stainless Steel magnetic?
The answer is neither yes nor no. Some types of stainless steel are magnetic and others are
not [matx]
- Fabrication of Stainless Steel
Austenitic stainless steel can be rolled, spun, deep drawn, cold forged, hot forged, or stamped
using force and tension [matx]
- Inconel® Alloys
Inconel® is a registered trademark of Special Metals Corporation for a family of austenitic
nickel chromium based superalloys [matx]
- Monel® Alloys
Monel® is a group of alloys of nickel (from 52% to 67%) and copper, with small amounts
of iron, manganese, carbon and silicon [matx]
- Hastelloy® Alloys
Hastelloy® alloys offer incredible strength and ductility under stress, as well as good
formability [matx]
- Is Inconel® 625 the same as Nickel
625?
The chemical properties, mechanical properties and applications are within the same quality
standards, so both materials are the same [matx]
- What is Titanium? Magnesium
Titanium is the 9th most common element on Earth and is usually extracted from various minerals
in the Earth's crust [matx]
- Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number (PREN)
The Pitting Resistance Equivalent Number, also known as “PREN”, is a numerical
value calculated based on the mass fraction of certain elements in the metal [matx pren.]
- Super Duplex Stainless Steel
The most common definition of super duplex stainless steel is that it must achieve a PREN (Pitting
Resistance Equivalent Number) of at least 40 [matx pren.]
- Stellite alloys
Stellite alloys are a series of cobalt based alloys, with significant amounts of chromium
(up to 33%) and tungsten (up to 18%) [matx]
- Comparing Material Steel Standards
“Myth and Methodology when comparing Steel Standards” [matx]
- Werkstoffnummers acc. DIN EN
10027/2
Material designation by Werkstoffnummers is a systematic and standardized method for identifying
the specific properties of a material [matx]
- List of Chemical Elements
A list of the 118 chemical elements identified as of 2022 [matx]
- Chemical Requirements
Carbon Alloy Steels
Used in Piping applications: ASTM A53, ASTM A105, ASTM A106, ASTM A216, ASTM A234 [matx]
- Chemical Requirements
Austenitic Stainless Steels
Used in Piping applications: ASTM A182, ASTM A312, ASTM A351, ASTM A403 [matx]
- Density of Metals
The density of an object is the mass of the object divided by its volume and is characteristic
of the material from which the object is made [matx]
- Rockwell Hardness Testing
The Rockwell hardness test method, as defined in ASTM E18, is the most commonly used material
hardness test method [matx]
- Vickers Hardness Testing
Vickers hardness testing, also called microhardness testing, is typically used for small
parts, thin sections, or or case depth work [matx]
- Brinell Hardness Testing
The Brinell hardness test method is typically used to test materials with a structure or
surface too coarse to be tested by any other test method [matx]
- Charpy Testing
A standard Charpy test is performed by machining a 10mm x 10mm x 55mm test piece
with a notch cut at the intended breaking point [matx]
- Hot Rolled Steel vs Cold Rolled Steel
The main difference between hot rolled steel and cold rolled steel is in the production process
and the resulting properties of the finished products [matx]
- Differences between Casting
and Forging Steels
There are several different methods and techniques that can be used in manufacturing a variety
of different metal components [matx]
- Differences between Cast
Iron and Cast Steel
Cast iron usually refers to gray iron, ductile iron and malleable iron while Cast steel usually
refers to normal carbon steel and alloy steel [matx]
- Hot Forging
As a major metal fabrication, forging is a metal forming technique that uses localized forces
of compression [matx]
- Cold Forging
Cold forging, unlike hot forging, deforms metal below its recrystallization point ⁃
near or at room temperature [matx]
- Unified Numbering System (UNS)
The Unified Numbering System is an alloy designation system widely accepted in American markets [matx
uns.]
- Differences between Teflon™ and
PTFE
There is NO DIFFERENCE.. They are both exactly the same, the only difference is the name [matx]
- What is Chlorine?
6 pages Chlorine is one of the most popular and most frequently used chemical substances [matx]
- Thermal Spray Coating Processes
Thermal spraying is an industrial coating process in which heated or molten materials are
sprayed onto surfaces to create protective layers [matx]
- Painting of Industrial Piping Systems
High quality painting of piping, equipment and structures, is essential to prevent corrosion [matx]
- Galvanizing of steel materials
Galvanizing involves applying a thin coating of zinc to a thicker base metal, helping to
shield it from the surrounding environment [matx]
- Pickling and Passivation
Pickling and Passivation are chemical treatments applied to the surface of stainless steel
to remove contaminants [matx]
- Fireproofing for Petrochemical facilities
Fireproofing, a passive fire protection measure, refers to the act of making materials or
structures more resistant to fire or to those materials [matx]
- Cathodic protection
Cathodic protection (CP) is the supply of direct current to steel objects that are in the
ground or water [matx]
- Pitting Corrosion
Pitting corrosion is a cavity, hole, or pit that forms in a small area or spot [matx]
- Cold Welding
Cold welding also known as Thread Galling is a phenomenon that can occur during the tightening
⁃ mainly at high speed ⁃ of threaded connections [matx]
- Nord Stream ⁃ Russian
gas to Europe
The construction of two pipelines, each approximately 1200 kilometers, was an enormous challenge
for all the people who worked on it. www.wermac.org have summarized that project in 10 pages and
try to give you an impression of what we as people can be perform
- Fossil into Fuels
Fossil fuels were formed from the fossillized remains of dead plants and animals that once
lived millions of years ago[othx]
- Fracking
Fracking is a technique for increasing the permeability of rock so that oil, natural gas
or geothermal energy can be extracted more easily [othx]
- Hydrocarbons Crude Oil Processing
Hydrocarbons are organic compounds consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms and are the simplest
and most basic class of organic compounds [othx]
- Piping Tools Videos
YouTube Videos about Piping Tools[othx]
- Articles about Piping Tools
Often used Tools in Piping[othx]
- Funny Images
Piping related funny images [othx]
- Piping related Videos..
Piping related YouTube videos[othx]
- Advertising on wermac
his website allows you to place one or more advertisements of your company [othx]
- Non destructive testing (NDT)
NDT is a very broad, interdisciplinary field that plays a critical role in ensuring
that structural components and systems perform their function in a reliable and cost effective manner [othx]
- Radiographic Testing (RT)
Radiographic Testing or X ray or Gamma ray is a non destructive testing
method that examines the volume of a specimen [othx]
- Dye Penetrant Inspection (DPI)
DPI, also called Liquid Penetrant Inspection (LPI) or Penetrant Testing (PT), is one of the
oldest and simplists non destructive testing methods [othx]
- Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI)
MPI (often abbreviated MT) is a nondestructive inspection method that provides detection
of linear flaws [othx]
- Creep testing
A creep test, also known as a stress relaxation test, is used to determine the degree of
deformation a material undergoes over time [othx]
- Ultrasonic Testing (UT)
UT is a method of characterizing the thickness or internal structure of a test piece through
the use of high frequency sound waves [othx]
- Positive Material Identification (PMI)
PMI is one of the more specialized non destructive testing methods that can be used to determine
the alloy composition of materials [othx]
- On Stream Inspection (OSI)
OSI is a non invasive method for assessing the integrity of pressurized systems (pipes, vessels,
tanks) during ongoing operation.[othx on stream]
- Eddy Current (EC)
EC or Eddy Current Array (ECA) is a nondestructive testing technology that provides the ability
to electronically drive multiple eddy current coils, which are placed side by side in the same probe
assembly [othx]
- Internal Rotary Inspection System (IRIS)
IRIS is a technique that can be applied on both ferrous and non ferrous materials and even
on non conductive materials like plastics [othx]
- Vacuum box testing
The purpose of the vacuum box technique of bubble leak testing is to detect leaks in a pressure
boundary that cannot be directly pressurized [othx]
- Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD)
ToFD is a reliable method of ultrasonic testing that is a highly sensitive and accurate method
for non destructive testing [othx tofd.]
- Guided Wave Testing (GWT)
GWT is an NDT method that complements existing NDT methods and is widely used for screening
pipelines [othx]
- Leak testing of industrial installations
Leak testing is a procedure used to determine whether an object or system is operating within
a specific leakage limit [othx]
- Guidelines ⁃
Hydrostatic testing
Hydrostatic testing of pressure piping is a mandatory activity before finalization of any
new or modified piping system [othx]
- Pressure testing
equipment
Pressure Gauge, Temperature and pressure recorder/receiver, Hydrostatic Test Pumps [othx]
- Pressure Testing Piping
Systems
Pressure testing of piping and pipelines should normally be performed with water [othx]
- Flange Weld Tester
The Flange Weld Tester is used to hydrotest the integrity of new welds where a Weld Neck
or Slip On flange has been added to a pipeline [othx so flanges]
- In Line Weld Testing and Isolation
In Line weld test tools are commonly used during the maintenance and modification of piping
or process equipment [othx]
- Pressure testing Codes
Two codes of major importance for pressure and leak testing is the ASME Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Code (BPVC) and the ASME B31 [othx]
- Risks of Pneumatic pressure
testing
Many people do not know or are not realize that a Pneumatic pressure test can be very DANGEROUS [othx]
- Safe Distance
for Pressure Testing
Remark(s) of the Author.. A safe distance for pressure testing is difficult or impossible
to determine in advance [othx]
- Introduction to welding technology
Welding is a manufacturing process used to join materials, usually metals or thermoplastics [othx]
- Welding
Procedures and Welder Performance Qualification
A welded construction applies, quality prescriptions concerning design production and use [othx]
- Types
of Welding Joints
Good joint design is based on design specifications described in various welding codes or
standards used in professional welding [othx]
- Welding Positions
Welding positions are the different orientations in which it is possible to weld on a particular
joint [othx]
- Full Penetration Weld
Full penetration welding is a technique used to create a weld that is stronger and more durable
than a partial penetration weld [othx]
- Butt Welding and the different
types of chamfers
Butt welding on pipes is special because the welder usually does not have access to the inside
of the weld [othx]
- Most common welding defects
The most common welding defects, their causes and solutions [othx]
- Health and safety in welding
Welding is a hazardous activity that exposes workers to health and safety risks [othx]
- Welding Glossary
The welding glossary, acc. The American Welding Society (AWS) standard includes hundreds
of terms, which are presented in a condensed and adapted form [othx]
- TIG
Welding (GTAW)
Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), also known as Tungsten Inert Gas (TIG) welding became an
overnight success in the 1940s for joining magnesium and aluminium [othx]
- MIG
Welding (GMAW)
Gas metal arc welding (GMAW), or Metal Inert Gas (MIG) welding was first patented in the
USA in 1949 for welding aluminium [othx]
- Electrode
Welding (SMAW)
Shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), or manual metal arc welding is commonly called stick welding
because the electrodes are flux coated rods of metal resembling sticks [othx]
- Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW)
FCAW is a welding method that is somewhat unique compared to Metal Inert Gas welding (MIG) [othx]
- Orbital Welding
When high quality results are required, orbital welding is the first choice for connecting
pipes [othx]
- Laser Welding of Metals
Laser welding or Laser Beam Welding (LBW) is a process in which lasers are used to melt the
material on the surface of a workpiece [othx]
- Laser Brazing
Laser brazing is a joining process for sheet metal in which the filler material with a low
melting point is melted with a laser beam [othx]
- Laser Welding of Plastics
In laser beam transmission welding, a part transparent to the laser and a laser absorbing
part are always joined together [othx]
- Electrofusion Welding
Electrofusion welding is a technique for joining thermoplastic pipes using a molded sleeve
with an electrical resistance heating coil [othx]
- Thermite Welding
Thermite welding, also called exothermic welding, is a specialized welding process in which
metal components are joined using a chemical reaction instead of an external heat source [othx]
- Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT)
PWHT is a heat treatment performed after welding operations [othx]
- Back Purging Welds
Back purging is the process of shielding the inside of the weld with an inert gas to prevent
contamination during the welding process [othx]
- Welding stainless steel to other steels
Welding austenitic stainless steel to carbon steel and low alloy steel is a commonly used
method in the process and construction industry [othx]
- Welding
requirements of O⁃Let Fittings
Surveys of small O let connections undertaken as a result of Technical Directive No. 12 have
found a number of integrally reinforced branch fittings which were in service with insufficient attachment
welds [othx]
- Explosion cladding
/ welding
Explosion Bonding or Explosion Cladding or Explosion Welding is a technically based industrial
welding process [othx]
- Golden Weld
If a weld on pressure equipment cannot be subjected to a pressure test hydrostatic or pneumatic
a “Golden Weld” can be made [othx]
- American Welding Society (AWS)
One of the primary goals of the American Welding Society is to develop and publish standards
that ensure the quality and safety of welded products [othx]
- P Number Group in Welding
The P number is a classification system used in welding materials based on their similar
welding properties [othx]
- Definition and Details of Pipe
Pipes are hollow tubes with a round cross section for transporting products such as liquids,
gas, pellets, powders and more [pipx]
- Nominal Pipe Size
Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) is a North American set of standard sizes for pipes used for high
or low pressures and temperatures [pipx]
- Types, Lengths, and Ends of Steel Pipes
Steel pipes are usually divided into 3 groups Seamless Pipes, Longitudinally Welded and Spiral
Welded Pipes [pipx]
- Pipe Beveling
Pipe beveling is used to create a beveled surface on the end of pipes to gives the welder
access to the total thickness of the pipe wall [pipx]
- Manufacturing Process of Seamless Pipes
The main seamless pipe manufacturing processes came into being toward the end of the nineteenth
century [pipx ]
- Forged Seamless Pipe Manufacturing
In forging pipes production, a heated billet is placed in a forging die with a diameter slightly
larger than the finished pipe [pipx ]
- Manufacturing Process
of Longitudinally Welded Pipes
Longitudinally welded pipes are welded along the length of the pipe and can be produced in
two ways [pipx ]
- Manufacturing Process of Spiral
Welded Steel Pipes
Spiral welded pipe is manufactured from coils of steel that are unwound and flattened [pipx
]
- Generic
Marking Standards and Requirements for Pipes
The ASME B31.3 Code requires random examination of materials and components to ensure conformance
to listed specifications and standards [pipx]
- Pressure and
Temperature Ratings of pipes
ASTM A53 grade B, ASTM A106 grade B, API 5L [pipx]
- General ASTM Material Grades for Pipes
ASTM standards define the specific manufacturing process of the material and determine the
exact chemical composition of pipes, fittings,flanges, valves and stud bolts [pipx]
- ASTM A106 Pipe Material Specification
ASTM A106 covers seamless carbon steel pipes for high temperature service in NPS ⅛ to NPS
48 [pipx]
- ASTM A333 Pipe Material Specification
ASTM A333 standard specification includes seamless and welded carbon and alloy steel pipes
of nominal (average) wall thickness [pipx]
- ASTM A335 Pipe Material Specification
ASTM A335 is a standard specification for seamless ferritic alloy steel pipes intended for
high temperature service [pipx]
- ASTM A335 grade P5 Characteristics
7 pages ASTM A335 grades P1,P2,P5,P9, P11, P22, P91 specifications [pipx]
- Differences between Pipe and Tube
People use the words pipes and tubes interchangeably, and they think that both are the same [pipx]
- Piping vs Pipeline
If someone asks you what the difference is between Piping and Pipeline, chances are you'll
be tempted to say they're similar [pipx pipes]
- Pipe and swage nipples ends
The article describes the available and different pipe end configurations, the scenarios
in which they are most often used [pipx swage.]
- Internal Lining cladded Pipes (CRA)
The CRA cladded steel pipe is composed of a conventional carbon steel or low alloy steel
pipe and a corrosion resistant alloy layer [pipx cladding cra.]
- Internal Lining ⁃ PTFE lined Pipes
and Fittings
To prevent corrosion e.g. in a pipe system, internal PTFE lining can be applied to steel
pipes, elbows, tees, reducers, spacers, valves and other fittings installed in a pipeline [pipx]
- Internal Lining ⁃ Glass
lined Pipes
Glass lined pipes have the same properties and benefits as glass lined vessels and other
glass lined components [pipx]
- Internal Lining ⁃ Cement
mortar lined Pipes
Cemented mortars are worldwide the most commonly used corrosion protective linings for steel
pipes transporting potable water and wastewater [pipx]
- Dimensions of Steel Pipes NPS ½⁃2
Carbon and Stainless steel, wall thicknesses STD⁃XXS, schedule 5⁃160 acc.
ASME B36.10 and B36.19 suffix (S), dimensional tolerances for Seamless and Welded
Pipes ASTM A530 [pipx]
- Dimensions of Steel Pipes NPS 2.½⁃5
Carbon and Stainless steel, wall thicknesses STD⁃XXS, schedule 5⁃160 acc.
ASME B36.10 and B36.19 suffix (S), dimensional tolerances for Seamless and Welded
Pipes ASTM A530 [pipx]
- Dimensions of Steel Pipes NPS 6⁃14
Carbon and Stainless steel, wall thicknesses STD⁃XXS, schedule 5⁃160 acc.
ASME B36.10 and B36.19 suffix (S), dimensional tolerances for Seamless and Welded
Pipes ASTM A530 [pipx]
- Dimensions of Steel Pipes NPS 26⁃24
Carbon and Stainless steel, wall thicknesses STD⁃XXS, schedule 5⁃160 acc.
ASME B36.10 and B36.19 suffix (S), dimensional tolerances for Seamless and Welded
Pipes ASTM A530 [pipx]
- NPS 26 ⁃ NPS 48
Carbon and Stainless steel, wall thicknesses STD⁃XS, schedule 5⁃40 acc.
ASME B36.10 and B36.19 suffix (S), dimensional tolerances for Seamless and Welded
Pipes ASTM A530, Weights are in kilograms p/meter [pipx]
- Weights of Steel Pipes NPS ½⁃24
5 pages Weights in kg/m acc. ASME B36.10 and B36.19 suffix (S) [pipx]
- Dimensions and Weights welded
and seamless wrought steel pipes NPS ⅛⁃80
11 pages Full version acc. ASME B36.10
For the specific properties of these carbon steel pipes, see the page(s) themselves [pipx]
- Dimensions and Weights welded and
seamless stainless steel pipes NPS ⅛⁃30
Full version acc. ASME B36.19
For the specific properties of these stainless steel pipes, see the page(s) themselves [pipx]
- Dimensions and Weights of Pipes ASTM
A53 NPS ⅛⁃26
6 pages for the specific properties of these carbon steel pipes, see the page(s) themselves [pipx]
- Dimensions Swage
nipples (millimeters) NPS ¼⁃4
Swage concentric and eccentric Beveled Ends Threaded Ends Plain Ends acc. MSS SP95 including
tolerances [fitx]
- Dimensions Swage nipples (inches)
NPS ¼⁃4
Swageconcentric and eccentric Beveled Ends Threaded Ends Plain Ends acc. MSS SP95 including
tolerances [fitx]
- BWG ⁃ Birmingham Wire
Gauge
3 pages The Birmingham gauge is a wire gauge system, and is also used to specify thickness
or diameter of tube products [pipx]
- OCTG tubular products
OCTG, Oil Country Tubular Goods, are essential components of the oil and gas industry [pipx]
- Copper tubes
Copper tubes are widely used in plumbing systems because of their excellent properties and
many benefits [pipx]
- Coiled Tubing
In the oil and gas industry, the term Coiled Tubing (CT) refers to a very long metal tube,
typically 1 to 3.25 inches in diameter [pipx]
- HDPE Pipes and Fittings
3 pages HDPE is a commonly used type of plastic made from ethylene and has a relatively
high density [pipx]
- Fiberglass Reinforced Plastics (FRP)
In recent years, FRP has been widely used in process, water and chemical industries due to
their high resistance to corrosion [pipx]
- Differences ⁃ GRE pipe and GRP pipe
The main difference between the two is in the resin used to bond the fiberglass while GRE
uses epoxy resin, and GRP pipes use isophthalic resin [pipx]
- Subsea methods for pipeline
laying
The most common subsea installation methods are the S⁃Lay, J⁃Lay, and Reel⁃Lay methods [pipx]
- Jacketed Piping
In the language of processing systems, jacketed pipes are essentially pipes within pipes [pipx]
- Pressure Drop
Pressure Drop is the difference in total pressure between two points in a piping system [pipx]
- Sealing of Pipeline Penetrations
It is believed that sealing of pipe penetrations dates back to the time of the Vikings [pipx]
- DENSO and Pipelines
“DENSO” is the specialist for passive corrosion protection and repair systems
that extend the service life of pipelines [pipx]
- ASME Organization
ASME is an acronym for the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, an organization dedicated
to the advancement and application of mechanical engineering [socx asme.]
- ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC) is an American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME) standard that provides rules for the design, fabrication, and inspection of boilers
and pressure vessels [socx]
- ASME B31 ⁃ Pressure Piping
ASME B31, Code for Pressure Piping, is a standard developed, published and maintained by
ASME [socx]
- ASME B31.1 ⁃ Power Piping
ASME B31.1 prescribes requirements for the design, materials, fabrication, erection, examination,
testing, inspection, operation, and maintenance of piping systems [socx]
- ASME B31.3 ⁃ Process Piping
Process Piping is the piping that convey fluids under pressure or vacuum within the limits
of a Petroleum refinery, Chemical plant, Gas Processing plant, Pharmaceutical, Textile, Paper, Semiconductor
and Cryogenic plants [socx]
- ASME ⁃
Pressure–Temperature Ratings
Table 2⁃1.1 / 2⁃1.2 Pressure Temperature Ratings for Group 1.1 / 1.2 Materials [socx]
- ASME B31.3 Fluid Service Categories
ASME B31.3 Fluid Service Categories are a set of criteria used to classify piping systems
based on the hazard potential of the fluid being transported [socx]
- Most common ASME standards defined
on wermac.org
ASME B16.10, ASME B16.11, ASME B16.20, ASME B16.21, ASME B16.25, ASME B16.28 and more [socx]
- ASME certification
To become ASME certified, a company must go through a 6 month process to ensure
that every operation complies with the code and is performed to the highest standards [socx]
- ANSI Organization
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is popular and widely known in various industries
for its role in setting and promoting standards that ensure consistency, quality and safety [socx]
- ANSI B16 or ASME B16 or both
For example, many years ago there was an ANSI B16.5 standard. In 1988 the standard became
ANSI/ASME B16.5 and in 1996 the standard became ASME B16.5 [socx]
- ASTM Organization
Organized in 1898, the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) is one of the world's
largest international standards developing organizations [socx astm.]
- ASTM standards for steel pipes, tubes
and fittings
The group of ASTM standard specifications covers various types of steel pipes, tubes and
fittings for high temperature service, ordinary use and special applications such as fire protection
use [socx]
- ASTM standards for steel castings
and forgings
The group of ASTM specifications covers standard properties of steel and iron castings and
forgings for valves, flanges, fittings, and other pressure containing parts for high temperature
and low temperature service [socx]
- ASTM standards for steel plate, sheet,
strip and wire
overview of the standards [socx]
- Most common ASTM standards defined
on wermac
STM A53, STM A105, STM A106, STM A182, STM A193, STM A194, STM A216, STM A217 and more [socx]
- ASTM Paint and related
Coating Standards
6 pages ASTM paint and related coating standards are instrumental in specifying and
evaluating the physical and chemical properties of various paints and coatings [socx]
- ASTM ⁃ Non Destructive
Testing (NDT) Standards
The ASTM Standards for Non Destructive Testing provide guidance on appropriate methods and
techniques to detect and evaluate defects in materials [socx]
- ASTM A53 Pipe
ASTM A53 is one of the most widely used material standards for steel pipes used in the oil
and gas and other process industries [socx]
- ASTM Material
Groups
ASTM group tables list metals by group, such as forgings, castings or sheets [socx]
- ASTM A... or ASME SA...
Adopted ASTM specifications by ASME listed by materials [socx]
- MSS Organization
Officially founded in 1924, the Manufacturers Standardization Society (MSS) of the Valve
and Fittings Industry [socx mss]
- MSS SP75 High Strength, Wrought,
Butt Welding Fittings Standard
The standard practice covers factory made, seamless and electric welded carbon and low alloy
steel, butt welding fittings for use in high pressure gas and oil transmission [socx]
- Dimensions MSS SP75
5 pagesElbows LR 45°⁃90°, Reducers Con.Ecc., Straight Tees, Reducing Tees, Caps [socx]
- API Organization
The American Petroleum Institute (API) is the only national trade association that represents
all aspects of America's oil and natural gas industry [socx api.]
- API ⁃ Valve Standards
API STD 520, API RP 520, API STD 526, API STD 527, API RP 574, API RP 576, API STD 594 and
more [socx]
- Dimensions and Weights API 600 Gate
valves
Face to face Dimensions Raised Face and Butt Weld ends Pressure classes 150⁃2500 [socx]
- Fitness for Service
Fitness for Service (FFS) assessments help determine if equipment is safe and fit for continued
operation [socx]
- Wellhead and Christmas Tree
Wellheads and Christmas trees are crucial, distinct components in oil and gas wells [socx]
- Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association
(TEMA)
TEMA heat exchangers are shell and tube heat exchangers manufactured in accordance to the
TEMA standards, which specify the design of the heat exchangers and the tolerances for machining
and installation [socx tema.]
- American Institute of Chemical Engineers
(AIChE)
AIChE is a professional organization for chemical engineers. AIChE was founded in 1908 to
distinguish chemical engineers as professionals independent of chemical and mechanical engineers [socx
aiche.]
- AWWA Organization
The American Water Works Association (AWWA) is an international nonprofit professional organization
dedicated to improving drinking water quality and supply [socx awwa.]
- AWWA and their Standards
4 pages Pipe and Accessories Standards AWWA C200, AWWA C207, AWWA C208, AWWA C228, [socx]
- AWWA C200 Pipes Standard
AWWA C200 Pipe Standard covers electrically butt welded straight seam, spiral seam and seamless
pipe with a nominal diameter of NPS 6 (150 mm) and larger [socx]
- AWWA Flanges
AWWA flanges fall under standards such as C207 and C228, which govern the design, manufacture
and application of flanges in water systems [socx]
- AWWA C208 Pipe Fittings Standard
AWWA C208 covers various types of fittings and addresses different configurations, including
tees, cross pieces, wyes, laterals and reducers [socx]
- Dimensions AWWA C207 Carbon Steel flanges
Carbon Steel Ring Flanges C207, Carbon Steel Hub Ring Flanges C207, Carbon Steel Blind Flanges
C207 [socx]
- Dimensions AWWA C228 Stainless Steel
Flanges
Stainless Steel Ring Flanges C228, Stainless Steel Blind Flanges C228 [socx]
- Canadian Standards Association (CSA)
CSA is a non profit standards organization that develops standards in 57 areas.
CSA publishes standards in printed and electronic form and provides training and advisory services [socx]
- CSA Piping related standards
CSA (Canadian Standards Association) is accredited by the Standards Council of Canada, a
government agency that promotes efficient and effective standardization in Canada [socx
csa.]
- Canadian Registration Number
The Canadian Registration Number (CRN) is a number assigned to a part (fitting), equipment
or piping system by each province or territory of Canada [socx crn.]
- American Welding Society (AWS)
What every Welder needs to know about the American Welding Society [socx aws.]
- National Association of Colleges and Employers
(NACE)
NACE is a standards developer recognized worldwide as the leading authority on corrosion
control solutions [socx nace.]
- National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
The mission of the NFPA is to reduce the global burden of fire and other hazards [socx
nfpa.]
- NFPA standards
List of National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standards and Codes [socx]
- German Institute for Standardization (DIN)
By agreement with the German Federal Government, DIN is the acknowledged national standards
body that represents German interests in European and international standards organizations [socx
din.]
- New and Old DIN Designations
Over the years, many DIN standards were integrated into the ISO standards, and thus also
a part of the EN standards [socx]
- ISO 9001 certification
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
ISO 9001 is recognized worldwide, and by achieving the standard you demonstrate that your products
and services are of certain quality [socx iso.]
- EN 10204 Certificate types
The definitions of material tests and certificate types in DIN 50049 were adopted by European
standard EN 10204, first published in 1991 as certificate types 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1A, 3.1B, 3.1C and
3.2. [socx]
- Dimensions (Metric) Weld Neck
Flanges
10 pages WN type 11 Pressure classes PN10 PN16 PN25 PN40 PN63 PN100 PN160 PN250 PN320
PN400, DN 10⁃3000 including metric Hex bolts, acc. DIN EN 1092/1 [socx]
- Pressure Equipment Directive (PED)
The European Pressure Equipment Directive (PED) is similar to the ASME Boiler and Pressure
Vessel Code in that it provides requirements for certain pressure equipment [socx ped.]
- RAL colors
RAL is a coding system to define colors of coatings, among other things. The system was developed
in Germany in 1927 and stands for.. Reichs Ausschuss für Lieferbedingungen [socx
ral.]
- Lokring technology
Lokring is a mechanical method for producing permanent weld equivalent pipe connections [spcx]
- G⁃Range Pipe Connectors
in high Pressure Applications
The G Range pipe connection offers significant benefits for use in industrial plant in a
wide variety of applications [spcx]
- Victaulic pipe joining systems
Victaulic provides products for Fire Protection, Data Centers, Shipbuilding, Commercial Buildings,
Mining, BioFuels, and Industrial Manufacturing [spcx]
- Cam Lock and Chicago couplings
Cam Lock Fittings allow for quick, secure connections of hoses to tanks or other hoses
Chicago Couplings are most commonly used on hose lines connecting pneumatic tools to a compressed
air reference(s) [spcx]
- Liquid Samplers in chemistry and petrochemistry
industry
In industry, liquid samples and process measurements are often required, which are usually
performed with Liquid Samplers [spcx]
- Orifice Plates
Orifice plates are one of the most popular devices for the measurement and control of fluid
flow [spcx]
- Orifice Plates for Flow Measurement
and Flow Restriction
3 pages Orifice Plates General, dimensions Square Edge Orifice Plates, dimensions
Restriction Orifice Plates [spcx]
- Strainer ⁃ Y Type and Basket
Strainers are important components of piping systems to protect equipment from potential
damage due to dirt and other particles that may be carried by the process fluid [spcx]
- Flexible Metal Hoses
The main advantage of flexible metal hoses is their flexibility, because they can bend and
twist without breaking [spcx]
- Expansion Joints (Bellows) in
Piping Systems
Expansion joints are used in piping systems to absorb thermal expansion or terminal movement
where the use of expansion loops is undesirable or impractical [spcx]
- Hinged Metal Expansion
Joints
Hinges are mounted to limit the expansion joint to absorb movements in only one plane in
the hinged metal expansion joints [spcx]
- Level Measurement by Level Indicators
(Gauges)
Level indicators are devices used in the measurement of level of fluids at various industrial
applications [spcx]
- Sight Glasses
A sight glass, also called a control or inspection device, is a window in a pipe, vessel,
tank or silo for visually observing the presence, flow or level of a medium [spcx]
- Pressure gauges Liquid and Dry
types
Pressure gauges are essential instruments for measuring and monitoring liquid or gas pressure
in various industries and applications [spcx]
- Gauge Pressure
Gauge pressure refers to normal atmospheric pressure and describes the deviation of the pressure
from standard atmospheric pressure and can be measured in various ways, including BAR and PSI [spcx]
- Temperature Measurement by Thermowell
Thermowell is a pressure tight receptacle designed to accept a temperature sensing element
and provide a means to insert that element into a vessel or pipe [spcx]
- Pressure Switches
A pressure switch is a mechanical or electronic device that is activated when the pressure
of the process fluid reaches a certain threshold or set point [spcx]
- Access Fittings
Access fittings provide access to systems under full operating pressure up to 500bar [spcx]
- Instrument Air
The most common application for instrument air is in the oil and gas industry, and plays
a crucial role in achieving safety, efficiency and reliability in various operations [spcx]
- Compression Fittings
Compression fittings are one of the most common and versatile methods of joining small diameter
metal or hard plastic tubing [spcx]
- Process instruments in Oil
and Gas
Process instruments are essential components of any oil and gas operation, because they are
used to measure and monitor various aspects of the production process [spcx]
- Pipe Flow Measurement by Orifice
Plates
Measurement of the flow rate of a fluid flowing under pressure is carried out for a variety
of purposes [spcx]
- Pipe Flow Measurement by Venturi
Flow Meters
The principle behind the operation of the Venturi flowmeter is the Bernoulli effect [spcx]
- Pipe Flow Measurement by Flow Nozzles
Flow nozzles are often used in flow measurement due to their reliable performance and tolerance
to extremes in process and environmental conditions [spcx]
- Coriolis Mass Flowmeter
The Coriolis type of flowmeter is based on the so called Coriolis effect, named after the
discoverer of this phenomenon, Gaspard Gustave Coriolis [spcx]
- Magnetic Flowmeter
Magnetic flow meters use the Faraday law of electromagnetic induction to determine the velocity
of a fluid flowing in a pipe [spcx]
- Turbine Flowmeters
Turbine flow meters work by using the energy of the fluid flowing through them to move a
rotor in the water or other fluid flowing through it [spcx]
- Vortex Flowmeters
The operation of Vortex Flowmeters is based on the analysis of vortex shedding that occurs
when a flow passes through an obstacle [spcx]
- Ultrasonic Flowmeter
Ultrasonic flowmeters measure the flow of a liquid or gas by sending ultrasonic waves through
a pipe [spcx]
- Thermal Mass Flowmeters
A thermal mass flow meter obtains the thermal mass directly, using the normal density of
the gas as a basis to calculate the volumetric flow rate [spcx]
- Reinforced Branch Connection
Set On type
Where a Reinforced Branch Connections are required? [spcx]
- Stub in and Stub on connections
in Piping systems
Stub in and Stub on connections are two essential techniques used in the pipeline industry
to safely connect pipes together [spcx]
- Hot Tapping and Line Stopping
Hot Taps or Hot Tapping is the ability to safely tie into a pressurized system, by drilling
or cutting, while it is on stream and under pressure [spcx]
- Image presentation about Hot Tapping
and Line Stopping
2 pages A Hot Tap start with a Split Tee or customer specification
Line Stopping can start with a Size on Size line stop fitting with completion plug [spcx]
- Cutter Sizes Hot Tapping through Gate
Valves
IMPORTANT: If you plan to make a Hot Tap, let the supplier confirm the maximum bore
of the valve [spcx]
- Methods of Pipeline repair
and other Equipment
3 pages When a defect or anomaly is discovered in a pipeline that threatens the integrity
of that pipeline, a repair must be made using techniques that restore the pipeline to the original
design specification [spcx]
- Pipeline pigging
Pipeline Pigging refers to the practice of using devices or implements known as “PIG's” to
perform various cleaning, clearing, maintenance, inspection, dimensioning, process and pipeline testing
operations on new and existing pipelines [spcx]
- Catalyst handling
Catalyst processing is the removal of old catalyst and loading of new catalyst into a reactor
or processing unit in an oil refinery or chemical plant [spcx]
- Catspider™
The Catspider™ is the future of vessel servicing and maintenance, designed and manufactured
by Contract Resources innovation team [spcx]
- Hot Bolting
Hot Bolting is the sequential removal, cleaning and replacement of bolts in a flanged joint,
while the system is pressurized [spcx]
- Leak Repair Clamps
With Repair clamps leaks can be fixed without interrupting normal business operations. The
methods are non destructive, preserving equipment integrity and longevity [spcx]
- Pipe and Tube Bending
Tube bending methods are mainly classified into two types ⁃ Hot tube bending and Cold
tube bending [spcx]
- Pipeline Freezing
Pipe line freezing is a temporary method of insulating piping systems in which a freeze plug
is made in the piping system [spcx]
- Cold Cutting
Cold cutting is a procedure for cutting material without using heat [spcx]
- Oxygen cutting
Oxygen cutting is one of the most popular methods used for processing steel [spcx]
- Plasma Cutting
Due to the extremely high cutting speeds and the narrow heat affected zone, plasma cutting
is now also used for cutting unalloyed and low alloy steel [spcx]
- Water Jet Cutting
Waterjet cutting technology has been harnessing the power of water since the beginning of
the 20th century [spcx]
- On site machining (In situ)
On site machining allowing repairs and maintenance to be performed directly on site without
the need to move heavy components to a remote machine shop [spcx]
- Rope Access
The primary purpose of rope access is to give workers access to hard to reach areas without
scaffolding, wires or aerial platforms [spcx]
- Marine Loading Arms
Marine Loading Arms or Ship loading arms are used for loading and unloading sea and inland
waterway vessels [spcx jetty]
- Steam.. The energy fluid
Steam is the gas formed when water passes from the liquid to the gaseous state. At the molecular
level, this is when H2O molecules manage to break free from the bonds (i.e. hydrogen bonds)
keeping them together [stmx]
- The Boiler House
The boiler is the heart of the steam system. The typical modern packaged boiler is powered
by a burner which sends heat into the boiler tubes [stmx]
- Properties of Steam
A better understanding of the properties of steam may be achieved by understanding the general
molecular and atomic structure of matter, and applying this knowledge to ice, water and steam [stmx]
- Properties of Condensate
Steam that has been condensed back into water by either raising its pressure or lowering
its temperature [stmx]
- Steam Traps
A steam trap quite literally “purges” condensate, (as well as air and other incondensable
gases), out of the system [stmx]
- Types of Steam Traps (1)
Thermostatic Steam Trap, Liquid expansion steam trap, Balanced pressure steam trap, Bimetallic
steam trap [stmx]
- Types of Steam Traps (2)
Ball float steam trap, Inverted bucket steam trap [stmx]
- Types of Steam Traps (3)
Thermodynamic Steam Trap, Impulse steam trap, Labyrinth steam trap [stmx]
- Types of Steam Traps (4)
Orifice Plate Steam Trap, Venturi Orifice Design [stmx]
- Drip Legs in Steam Piping
Drip Legs are vertical pipe pockets along the main steam line where condensate is collected
for drainage from the system [stmx]
- Exhaust Vapor Condenser
The Exhaust Vapor Condenser (EVC), a reliable and innovative heat exchanger that is environmentally
friendly and has proven to provide efficient payback within short periods of time [stmx]
- Steam distribution system
An efficient steam distribution system is essential if steam of the right quality and pressure
is to be supplied [stmx]
- Steam System Design pipes and pipe sizing
Pipe sizing is a crucial aspect of steam system design [stmx]
- Steam System Expansion
Any steam system must be fully supported, able to expand during operation and sufficiently
flexible to allow movement as a result [stmx]
- Properties for Saturated Steam
Steam tables by spiraxsarco.com [stmx]
- Intro to Steel
From Iron to Steel [stlx]
- Steel making
To produce steel, facilities use one of two processes.. the basic oxygen furnace (BOF) or
the electric arc furnace (EAF) [stlx]
- Green Steel
Green steel is the manufacturing of steel without the use of fossil fuels [stlx]
- Mild Steel
“Low carbon steel” is another name for mild steel, while other carbon steels,
can have different carbon contents [stlx]
- Pipe Racks
PIPE RACKS OR PIPE BRIDGES are structures designed and built specifically to support multiple
pipes where adequate structure is not available [stlx]
- Pipeline Sleepers
In the context of oil and gas, pipe sleepers are structural supports at nearly level, designed
specifically to support horizontal pipelines [stlx]
- HE..beams in steel structures
Steel Beams, described in the article, are construction elements widely used in industry,
and are known for their high strength, structure and mechanical properties [stlx]
- IPE and IPN Profiles in steel
structures
IPE and IPN Profiles are construction elements widely used in industry, and are known for
their high strength, structure and mechanical properties [stlx]
- UNP, UPE, Tee and Angle Profiles
used in steel structures
The areas of application for all of the above profiles are very diverse. The petrochemical
industry is a major customer for the manufacture of pipe supports and many other applications, but
they are also used in construction for storage racks and bulk shelving, etc. [stlx]
- Pipe Supports general
Pipe is held either from above by hangers or supports of various types on which it rests.
Hangers are also referred to as supports [stlx]
- Pipe Supports ⁃ manufacturing
terms
It is essential to understand the terms used in the pipeline industry to describe pipe supports.
Many terms are often used interchangeably, so it is important to use them consistently [stlx]
- Parts of Pipe Supports
On the page are the most common standard pipe supports specified, but there are many more
standards available. MSS SP58 for instance has more then 60 standard Support Types [stlx]
- Maximum span between Pipe Supports
Pipe size relates to the maximum allowable span between pipe supports. Span is a function
of the weight that the supports must carry [stlx]
- Pipe restraint supports
A restraint is, by definition, a structural element used to limit the thermal movement of
a piping system [stlx]
- External corrosion
Protection against external corrosion of pipelines UNDER pipe supports [stlx]
- Turnbuckle
A Turnbuckle, also known as a stretching screw or bottle screw, is defined as a device for
adjusting the tension or length of ropes, cables, tie rods and other tensioning systems [stlx]
- Roller supports
Roller supports are designed to support pipes in applications where horizontal movement due
to expansion and contraction occurs [stlx]
- Dynamic Spring Supports
There are different types of dynamic or flexible supports, each designed for its own purpose [stlx]
- Snubber Supports
Snubbers are restraints used to control the movement of pipelines and equipment during abnormal
dynamic conditions [stlx]
- Cryogenic Supports
Cryogenic pipeline supports, often called Cold Shoes, are common components of low temperature
pipelines [stlx]
- Variable and Constant spring supports
Variable spring supports are used for pipes with limited vertical movement. Constant spring
supports provide a uniform, unchanging force during vertical movement [stlx]
- Dimensions of Steel profiles HEA
Dimensions acc. NEN⁃EN 10025⁃1/2 [stlx]
- Dimensions of Steel profiles HEB
Dimensions acc. NEN⁃EN 10025⁃1/2 [stlx]
- Dimensions of Steel profiles HEM
Dimensions acc. NEN⁃EN 10025⁃1/2 [stlx]
- Dimensions of Steel profiles IPE /
INP
Dimensions acc. NEN⁃EN 10025⁃1/2 [stlx]
- Dimensions of Steel profiles UNP /
UPE
Dimensions acc. NEN⁃EN 10025⁃1/2 [stlx]
- Dimensions of Steel profiles Tee
Dimensions acc. NEN⁃EN 10025⁃1/2 [stlx]
- Dimensions of Steel profiles Angle
equal
Dimensions acc. NEN⁃EN 10025⁃1/2 [stlx]
- Dimensions of Steel profiles Angle
unequal
Dimensions acc. NEN⁃EN 10025⁃1/2 [stlx]
- Dimensions of Steel profiles Round
/ Square
Dimensions acc. NEN⁃EN 10025⁃1/2 [stlx]
- Dimensions of Steel profiles Flat
Dimensions acc. NEN⁃EN 10025⁃1/2 [stlx]
- Hollow Structural Section
Hollow Structural Sections (HSS) are steel sections in various shapes, such as round (CHS),
square (SHS) and rectangular (RHS) [stlx]
- Dimensions and Weights for HSS
3 pagesDimensions and Weights ⁃ Hollow Structural Sections [stlx]
- Floor gratings
Floor gratings are often seen as a superior alternative to flat surfaces [stlx]
- CorTen steel
CorTen steel is characterized by its rust brown color and offers good resistance to corrosion [stlx]
- Sheet Steel Gauge
When working with sheet metal, the term “gauge or gage” is often used, and is
used to indicate the thickness of a metal sheet [stlx]
- The steel industry's language
The glossary should help to better understand the terminology used in the Steel Industry [stlx]
- AISI
The American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) is a trading association of North American steel
manufacturers [stlx]
- Steel Casting
Steel casting is a method that uses different types of steel [stlx]
- Metal Aging
Aging of metals is one of the most common ways to change the properties of a metal alloy [stlx]
- Steel Bloom
A bloom is a semi finished product produced by a continuous casting process [stlx]
- Steel Billet
Steel, made fresh and still shaped like a rectangle or metal bar, is called a steel billet [stlx]
- Steel Ingot
An ingot is a cast metal that comes in a specific shape that is easy to transport and store [stlx]
- Breather Valve
Breather Valves, also known as direct acting Pressure/Vacuum Relief Valves, are special types
of Relief Valves which are specifically designed for tank protection [valx]
- Air Valve
Air valves ensure proper flow of water and wastewater, and essentially allow a system to
breathe when necessary [valx]
- Orbit Valve
ORBIT valves incorporates a proven tilt and turn operation that eliminates seal rubbing,
which is the primary cause of valve failure [valx]
- Knife Gate Valve
Knife valves are designed to operate under the harshest conditions, with a sharpened blade
to cut through heavy liquids [valx]
- Trunnion mounted Ball valve
Trunnion mounted ball valves are types of quarter turn valves in which the ball is fixed
(anchored) by mechanical supports, called trunnions [valx]
- Pressure Relief Valve
The primary purpose of pressure Relief Valves is protection of life and property by venting
fluid from an overpressurized vessel [valx]
- Solenoid Valve
Solenoid valves operate using an electromagnetic solenoid coil to change the state of a valve
from open to closed, or vice versa [valx]
- Emergency Shutdown Valve
Emergency shut off valves (ESVs) act as a safeguard against exceeding the set pressure [valx]
- Pressure Reducing Valve
Pressure reducing valves (PRVs) automatically adjust the degree of valve opening so that
the pressure remains unchanged even as the flow rate fluctuates [valx]
- Pressure Reducing Valve (PRV),
Pressure Relief Valve, (PRV), Pressure Safety Valve (PSV)
Each valve have different functions, but are often confused by some people. If you look at
the abbreviations, that is not really surprising. [valx]
- Control
Valves
The most common final control element in the process control industries is the control valve.
The control valve manipulates a flowing fluid to compensate for the load disturbance and keep the
regulated process variable [valx]
- Bubble Tight Valve
Bubble tight valves do not pass bubbles when they are completely closed [valx]
- Bypass Valve
Bypass valves are mounted in a so called bypass loop that allows an instrument, control valve
or other device to be bypassed [valx]
- Cryogenic valve
As its name suggests, cryogenic valves are designed to be used in very cold applications [valx]
- Fire Safe valve
Fire safe valves are specialized valves designed to prevent liquids and gases from escaping
in the event of a fire [valx]
- Parallel slide gate valve
Parallel Slide Gate Valves iare special designed valves as an alternative to the traditional
flexible wedge shaped valves [valx]
- Slab Gate Valve
Slab Gate Valves also named “Through Conduit Gate Valves” are very useful in
transportation pipe lines for gas, crude oil and oil products [valx]
- Flush Mounted Valve
Flush Mounted valves are custom made to exact tolerances for use in specialized processes
with often challenging operating conditions [valx]
- ARV or ARC Valve
ARV valve stands for Automatic Recirculation Valve and the primary purpose of that valves
is to ensure that a pre determined minimum flow is assured through a centrifugal pump at all times [valx]
- Needle Valve
Needle Valves are used to make relatively fine adjustments in the amount of fluid flow [valx]
- Needle Valve Manifolds
Needle valve manifolds integrate several valves into a common, single housing [valx]
- Diaphragm Valve
Diaphragm valves are used on shut off and throttling service for liquids, slurries and vacuum/gas,
and it is a quick opening valve [valx]
- Diverter Valve
Diverter valves are used to divert product flow from one inlet to multiple outlets [valx]
- Pinch Valves
A pinch valve consists of a rubber sleeve, which is the only part of the valve that comes
into contact with the water, and prevents the other parts from becoming contaminated [valx]
- Wafer Check Valve
Wafer check valves are in line pipe valves used to control the direction of flow of fluids
and reduce or completely prevent potential backflow in piping systems [valx]
- Choke Valves
The Choke Valve is designed to reduce the flow rate by creating a restriction in the pipeline [valx]
- Blowout Preventer (BOP)
A Blowout Preventer is a critical safety valve device used in high pressure drilling operations,
particularly in the oil and gas industry [valx valves]
- Double Block and Bleed (DBB)
The primary function of a double block and bleed (valves)system is for isolation and the
secondary function is for intervention [valx]
- True Meaning of DBB
API 6D defines a double block and bleed valve (DBB) as a “single valve with two seating
surfaces that, in the closed position, provides a seal against pressure from both ends of the valve
with a means of venting / bleeding the cavity between the seating surfaces” [valx]
- ASTM Casting Materials overview [valx]
- Pressure and
Temperature ratings of Valves
most common ASTM materials [valx]
- Leak testing of Valves
acc.:
American Petroleum Institute (API), Manufacturer's Standardisation Society (MSS), American National
Standards Institute (ANSI), International organization for standardization (ISO), [valx]
- Valve Interlock System
A valve interlock is a trapped key lock assembly which locks the valve in one or two positions [valx]
- Valve Car Seal
Car seals are simple devices used to lock or “seal” valves in the open or closed
position to prevent unauthorized operation of the valve [valx]
- Valve Actuators
Types of actuators are: include manual handwheel, manual lever, electrical motor, pneumatic,
solenoid, hydraulic piston, and self actuated [valx]
- Rupture Disks
A rupture disk is a device designed to function by the bursting of a pressure retaining disk [valx]
- Glossary of Valve Terms overview [valx]
- Horse Whisperer
If there are Horse Whisperers, there must also a Valve Whisperer...or not? [valx]
- Face to Face dimensions of flanged
valves
6 pages Dimensions NPS ½⁃36, Pressure classes 150⁃2500, acc. ASME
B16.10 [valx]
- End to End dimensions of Buttwelding
valves
6 pages Dimensions NPS ½⁃24, Pressure classes 150⁃2500, acc. ASME
B16.10 [valx]
- Dimensions flanged Triple Offset Butterfly
Valves
Dimensions for Long and Short pattern, NPS 3⁃24, Pressure classes 150⁃600 [valx]
- Face to Face Dimensions Wafer Check
Valves
4pages Dimensions NPS 2⁃48, Pressure classes 150⁃2500, Types: Dual and
Single Plate, Dual Plate Lug, Dual Plate Double flanged, acc. API Std 594 [valx]
- Minimum Bore Dimensions for Full Bore
Ball Valves
The chart gives the minimum bore dimensions of full bore ball valves acc. API
SPEC 6D [valx]
- Weights of Gate valves, Globe
valves and Check valves
3 pages NB! Use tables as a guidance only; weights may
vary from different manufactures [valx nb]
